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Anatomy Ch. 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Synapses occur where axons contract: | gland cells, other neurons, muscle cells |
| __ cells are the least common glial cell of the central nervous system. | microglia |
| Neurons are classified __ depending on the direction the nerve impulse travels. | functionally |
| What are considered types of effectors? | glands, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle |
| The nervous system is composed of the __, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia. | brain |
| The motor nervous system is also referred to as the __ division. | efferent |
| A neurolemmocyte creates the __ __ in the PNS. Also called Schwann cells. | myelin sheath |
| A cluster of neuron cell bodies found along a peripheral nerve is known as a(n): | ganglion |
| Which structural division of the nervous system contains the brain? | central nervous system |
| What are some strucutral classifications of neurons? | bipolar, multipolar, unipolar |
| What combination are found in mixed nerves? | sensory and motor axons |
| Interneurons facilitate communication between __ neurons and __ neurons. | sensory and motor |
| Vesicles involved in retrograde transport are moving __ the cell body. | toward |
| Nervous tissue is made of neurons and __ cells. | glial |
| Glial cells are found: | in CNS and PNS |
| Synapses are classified as: | chemical synapses and electrical synapses |
| The myelin sheath is made of a high percentage of: | lipids |
| __ are specialized nervous system structures that detect stimuli. | receptors |
| What are functional classes of neurons? | motor neurons, sensory neurons, interneurons |
| Phagocytizes wastes. | microglial cells |
| Myelinates axons within PNS. | neurolemmocytes |
| Myelinates axons within CNS. | oligodendrocytes |
| Helps form the blood-brain barrier. | astrocytes |
| The nervous tissue of a young adult may contain up to __ glial cells. | 1 trillion |
| The plasma membrane of an axon is called: | axolemma |
| What is used for fast axonal transport? | motor proteins, microtubules, ATP |
| The __ receive impulses from the motor neurons. | effectors |
| The intermediate filaments of a neuron are called: | neurofilaments |
| Oligodendrocytes create the __ sheath in the CNS. | myelin |
| Which division of the nervous system transmits nerve impulses from blood vessels and viscera to the CNS? | visceral sensory division |
| What are some basic characteristics of a neuron? | electrical changes are propagated along the plasma membrane, high metabolic rate, neurons created as a fetus function throughout life |
| Slow axonal transport results from the flow of __. | axoplasm |
| The neurons in the retina of the eye are: a. unipolar b. multipolar c. bipolar | bipolar |
| What are some functions of astrocytes? | replaces damaged neurons, helps form BBB, regulates composition of interstitial fluid |
| The peripheral nervous system is a __ division of the nervous system. | structural |
| A cluster of neuron cell bodies found along a peripheral nerve is known as a(an) __. | ganglion |
| __ are specialized nervous system structures that detect stimuli. | receptors |
| Interneurons are __ neurons. | multipolar |
| The components of the somatic sensory division are: | hearing, pain, and taste |
| The epineurium is made of __ connective tissue. | dense irregular |
| A nerve is a bundle of parallel __. | axons |
| Satellite cells are found surrounding: | cell bodies |
| What terms are used for structural classification of nerves? | cranial, spinal |
| __ are chemicals released from synaptic knobs and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membranes. | neurotransmitters |
| Communication of nerve impulse occurs at the __. | synapse |
| __ synapse: few in humans (found in smooth and cardiac muscle); plasma membranes connect and ions Na+ and K+ flow via gap junctions. | electrical |
| __ synapse: nerve impulse down axon; increase in Ca+ ions into knob; vesicles move to end of knob/release ACh into cleft; ACh attach to receptor sites causing ion gates to open; Na+ influxes into postynaptic cell changing charge across membrane. | chemical |
| Two neurons are separated by an extremely narrow fluid-filled gap called the __ __. | synaptic cleft |
| The synapse is located __ the presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron. | between |
| The neuron needs a high amount of energy or ATP. The majority of ATP is created by the: | mitochondria |
| Sensory __ (afferent/efferent) neurons carry info. __ (away from/toward) the CNS. | afferent, toward |
| The cell bodies of most motor neurons lie in the: | central nervous system |
| The general function of the nervous system is to: | collect information, process and evaluate information, and initiate response to information |
| __ are specialized nervous system structures that monitor changes in both the internal and external environment called __. | receptors, stimuli |
| __ include all three types of muscle tissue and glands. The result may be either muscle contraction (or relaxation) or a change in gland secretion. | effectors |
| The nervous system consists of two anatomic divisions: the __ __ __ and the __ __ __. | central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
| The CNS includes the __ and the __ __. The __ is protected and enclosed within the skull, while the __ __ is housed and protected within the vertebral canal. Does not __. | brain, spinal cord, brain, spinal cord, regenerate |
| The PNS includes __ which are bundles of neuron processes (axons) and __ that are clusters of neuron cell bodies located along nerves. Has the potential to __. | nerves, ganglia, regenerate |
| There are __ pairs (left and right) of cranial nerves. | 12 (I-XII) |
| There are __ pairs (left and right) of spinal nerves. | 31 |
| There are two types of nerves: | cranial and spinal |
| The nervous system has two functional divisions: the __ __ __ and the __ __ __. | sensory nervous system and motor nervous system |
| The sensory nervous system or __ nervous system is responsible for receiving sensory information from receptors that detect stimuli and transmitting this info to the CNS. Highway in. Into CNS. Somatic sensory and visceral sensory. | afferent |
| The two components of the sensory nervous system are the: | somatic sensory and the visceral sensory |
| The __ __ components detect stimuli that we consciously perceive. Receptors include the eyes, nose, tongue, ears, skin, and proprioceptors (receptors in joints and muscles that detect body position). Sensations from body. | somatic sensory |
| The __ __ components detect stimuli that we do not consciously perceive. Receptors include structures located w/in blood vessels and internal organs (heart, stomach, kidneys). They detect chemical composition of the blood or stretch of an organ wall. | visceral sensory |
| The motor nervous system or __ nervous system is responsible for initiating and transmitting motor output from the CNS to effectors. Controls muscle tissue and glands. Highway out. Out of CNS. Exit. Somatic motor and autonomic (visceral) motor. | efferent |
| The __ __ component initiates and transmits motor output from the CNS to voluntary skeletal muscles. | somatic motor |
| The __ __ or __ __ component innervates and regulates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands without our conscious control. Has two subdivisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic. | autonomic motor or visceral motor |
| The basic structural unit of the nervous system is the __. | neuron |
| Characteristics of neurons include: | excitability, conductivity, secretion, extreme longevity, amitotic |
| Neurons share certain basic structural features that include a __ __, __ and an __. | cell body, dendrites, axon |
| The __ __ or __ is enclosed by a plasma membrane and contains cytoplasm surrounding a nucleus. They serve as the neuron's control center. Conduct electrical signals to axon. Electrical signal either initiated w/in cell body or received from dendrites. | cell body or soma |
| The cytoplasm w/in cell body is called __. | perkaryon |
| The nucleus accommodates a prominent nucleolus where ribosomes are formed. Free and bound ribosomes together go by two names: __ __ b/c they stain darkly with basic dyes or __ __ b/c they were first described by the German microscopist Franz Nissl. | chromatophilic substance, Nissl bodies |
| __ tend to be relatively short, small processes that branch of the cell body. They conduct electrical signals toward the cell body. They receive input and then transfer it to cell body for processing. Greater number of __, more input a neuron may receive. | dendrites |
| The __ also called a __ __ is typically a longer process emanating from the cell body to make contact with other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells. | axon or nerve fiber |
| The first part of the axon is a triangular region where the axon emanates from the cell body called the __ __. | axon hillock |
| The cytoplasm w/in an axon is called __ and the plasma membrane of an axon is called an __. | axoplasm, axolemma |
| The __ is devoid of chromatophilic substance. This difference allows the cell body to be distinguished from the __ when nervous tissue is viewed under a microscope. | axon |
| All neurons have __ axon. | 1 |
| Axons give rise to a few side branches called __ __. | axon collaterals |
| Most axons and their collaterals branch extensively at their distal end into an array of fine terminal extensions called __ or __ __. The extreme tips of these fine extensions are slightly expanded regions called __ __ or __ __, __ __, or __ __. | telodenria or axon terminals; synaptic knobs or synaptic bulbs, end bulbs, or terminal boutons |
| Within the synaptic knobs are numerous __ __ containing neurotransmitter. A synaptic knob meets at a functional junction called a synapse. | synaptic vesicles |
Created by:
khinson