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Blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| If we spin down a blood sample, most of the reddish mass at the bottom are ____, the red blood cells that transport oxygen? | Erythrocytes |
| If we spin down a blood sample, the thin, whitish layer called the ____ ____ is present at the erythrocyte - plasma junction? | Buffy Coat |
| The buffy coat contains ____, the white blood cells that act in various way to protect the body, and ____, cell fragment that help stop bleeding? | Leukocytes; platelets |
| Erythrocytes constitute about ___% of the total volume of a blood sample, leukocytes and platelets less thean ___% of blood volume, and plasma ___% of whole blood? | 45%; 1%; 55% |
| Blood is slightly alkaline, with a pH between ___ and ___, and it's temperature ___ C or ___F? | 7.35, 7.45; 38C, 100.4F |
| Blood accounts for approx ___% of body weight? | 8% |
| The average male blood volume is ___-___L; The average femaole blood volume is ___-___L? | 5-6L; 4-5L |
| What is blood's function pertaining to oxygen and nutrients? | Delivers oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to all body cells. |
| What is blood's function pertaining to metabolic waste? | Transporting metabolic waste products from cells to elimination sites (to the lungs to remove CO2 and to the kidneys to remove nitrogenous waste in urine) |
| What is blood's function pertaining to hormones? | Transport hormones from the endocrine glands to their target organs |
| What are three things that blood maintains? | 1.Body temp 2.Normal pH using buffer systems 3.Fluid volume in the circulatory system |
| How does blood prevent blood loss? | Initiating hemostasis & coagulation |
| What are three ways blood prevents infection? | 1.Antibodies 2.Action of complement proteins 3.WBC's that defend the body |
| Blood ____ is a straw-colored sticky fluid? | Plasma |
| Plasma is mostly ___% water? | 90% |
| Info: Plasma contains the following: Proteins, nitrogenous substances, nutrients, electrolytes, respiratory gases, hormones | |
| The following are ____ found in plasma: albumin, globulins, fibrinogen? | Proteins |
| The following are ____ found in plasma: Urea, uric acid, creatinine? | Nitrogenous substances |
| The following are ____ found in plasma: glucose, fatty acids, amino acids? | Nutrients |
| The following are ____ found in plasma: sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate? | Electrolytes |
| The following are ____ ____ found in plasma: oxygen, carbon dioxide? | Respiratory gases |
| What are the three formed elements of blood? | 1.Erythrocytes (RBC's), 2.Leukocytes (WBC's), 3.Platelets |
| Blood's formed elements are continuously renewed by cells in the ____ ____? | Bone Marrow |
| ____ have no nuclei or organelles, ____ are cell fragments, only ____ are complete cells? | Erythrocytes; Platelets; Leukocytes |
| What is the shape of erythrocytes? | Biconcave discs |
| What is the purpose of erythrocytes have a large surface area? | Gas exchange |
| Erythrocytes are filled with ____ (___)? | Hemoglobin (Hb) |
| Because erythrocytes have no mitochondria, they form ATP by ____ ____? | Anaerobic Mechanisms |
| Erythrocytes contain ____ which allows cells to change shape as they pass through tiny capillaries? | Spectrin |
| ____- The protein that makes red blood red, binds easily and reversibly with oxygen? | Hemoglobin |
| Hemoglobin is made up of the protein ____ bound to the red ____ pigment? | Globin; heme |
| The globin in hemoglobin consists of (1,2,3,4) polypeptide chains? | 4 |
| What are the four polypeptide globin chains? | Two alpha, Two beta |
| (T/F) - Each polypeptide globin chain is bound to a ring-like heme group? | True |
| (T/F) - Each heme group bears an atom of iron on the outside? | False - Inside |
| How many oxygen can a hemoglobin molecule transport? | Four |
| When oxygen binds to iron, the hemoglobin is now called ____? | Oxyhemoglobin |
| When oxygen detaches from iron, the hemoglobin is now called ____? | Deoxyhemoglobin |
| Blood cell formation is referred to as ____? | Hemopoiesis |
| Where does hemopoiesis occur? | Red Bone Marrow |
| All formed elements arise from the same type of stem cell caused ____? | Hemocytoblast |
| Info: The number of circulating erythrocytes remains constant due to a balance between RBC production and destruction. | |
| Too few RBC's lead to tissue ____? | Hypoxia |
| Too many RBC's causes increased blood ____? | Viscosity |
| Erythropoiesis is stimulated by ____ (___)? | Erythropoietin (EPO) |
| Erythropoietin (EPO) is released by the ____ in response to ____? | Kidneys; hypoxia |
| (T/F) - Patients with chronic renal failure are given EPO? | True |
| ___% of body iron is in hemoglobin (Hb)? | 65% |
| The remaining iron that is not in Hb is stored in what three places? | Liver, spleen, bone marrow |
| Iron that is stored is stored as what two things? | Ferritin, hemosiderin |
| In blood, iron is transported loosely bound to a transport protein called ____? | Transferrin |
| Small amount of iron are lost in feces, urine, perspiration. The average daily loss of iron is ___ mg in women and ___ in men? | 1.7mg; 0.9mg |
| Vitamin ___ and ___ acid are improtant for DNA synthesis and therefore blood cell formation? | B12; folic |
| The life span of an erthrocyte is ___ days? | 120 |
| Dying RBC's are engulfed by ____ in what three areas of the body? | Macrophages; spleen, liver, bone marrow |
| (T/F) - During RBC destruction, heme and globin are separated? | True |
| During RBC destruction, ____ is metabolized into amino acids, which are then released into the circulation? | Globin |
| During RBC destruction, ____ of the heme is salvaged for re-use? | Iron |
| During RBC destruction, heme is degraded to ____? | Billirubin |
| Billirubin is transported in blood to the ____? | Liver |
| The liver secretes billirubin within ____, then is conveyed to the ____? | Bile; intestines |
| The intestines metabolize billirubin into ____? | Urobilinogen |
| Billirubin is excreted in ____? | Feces |
| ____ is a condition in which the blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity? | Anemia |
| Anemic individuals usually have what five signs and symptoms? | Fatigue, pale, SOB, chilly, tachycardia |
| ____ anemia - Result of acute or chronic loss of blood? | Hemorrhagic |
| ____ anemia - Premature destruction of RBC's? | Hemolytic |
| The following are causes of what type of anemia: hemoglobin abnormalities, transfusion of mismatched blood, sickle cell anemia? | Hemolytic Anemia |
| ____ anemia - Less cells formed, destruction/inhibition of bone marrow, reduction of all three lines (RBC's, WBC's, platelets)? | Aplastic |
| What are three major causes of aplastic anemia? | Idiopathic drugs, radiation, chemotherapy |
| ____ - ____ anemia - Generally a secondary result of hemorrhagic anemias, but it alson results from inadequate intake of iron - containing foods and impaired iron absorption? | Iron - deficiency |
| ____ anemia - Due to a deficiency of vitamin B12? | Pernicious |
| A substance called ____ ____, produced by the stomach mucosa, must be present for vitamin B12 to be absorbed by intestinal cells? | Intrinsic Factor |
| Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disease in which the stomach mucosa atrophies, and it most often affects the (young/elderly)? | Elderly |
| ____ - An inherited Hb disorder. There is defective synthesis of alpha or beta globin chains of Hb. RBC's are fragile and undergo premature hemolysis? | Thalassemias |
| ____ - ____ anemia - Results from a defective gene code for Hb - contains abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS)? | Sickle-cell |
| HbS results from a change in just one of the 146 amino acids in a (alpha/beta) chain of the (heme/globin) molecule? | Beta; globin |
| Sickle-cell anemia causes RBC's to become sickle shaped in (high/low) oxygen situations? | Low |
| Sickle-cell anemia - The (soft/stiff) deformed (leukocytes/erythrocytes) rupture easily and tend to dam up in (small/large) blood vessels? This interferes with oxygen delivery. | Stiff; erythrocytes; small |
| Individuals with (one/two) copies of the sickle-cell gene have sickle-cell anemia. Individuals with (one/two) copies of the gene have the sickle-cell trait? | Two; one |
| What is a normal hematocrit (HCT)? | 45% |
| ____ - Abnormally high RBC count? | Polycythemia |
| Polycythemia (increases/decreases) blood viscosity? | Increases |
| What will the HCT of a person with polycythemia be? | > 50% |
| ____ ____ - A bone marrow cancer characterized by dizziness and an exceptionally high RBC count? | Polycythemia Vera |
| Someone with polycythemia might have a HCT as high as ___% and blood volume may (double/triple)? | 80%; double |
| ____ ____ - Results when less oxygen is available or EPO production increases? | Secondary - Polycythemia |
| Seconday-polycythemia can cause (hypotension/hypertension)? | Hypertension |
| People with secondary-polycythemia, their blood will have what appearence? | Dusky red |
| White blood cells (WBC's) are also known as ____? | Leukocytes |
| ____ are the only formed elements in the blood that are complete cells, with nuclei and the usual organelles? | Leukocytes |
| Leukocytes can leave capillaries via ____ and enter tissures to perform their functions? | Diapedesis |
| Once out of the blood stream, leukocytes move through the tissue spaces by an amoeboid motion called ____ ____. Leukocytes can pinpoint areas of tissue damage and infestion and gather there in large numbers? | Positive Chemotaxis |
| Seconday-polycythemia can cause (hypotension/hypertension)? | Hypertension |
| Whenever WBC's are mobilized for action, the body speeds up their production and twice the normal number may appear in the blood within a few hours. What is this called? | Leukocytosis |
| On average, there are ____ - ____ WBC's/ul of blood? | 4800-10,800 |
| Leukocytes can leave capillaries via ____ and enter tissures to perform their functions? | Diapedesis |
| Once out of the blood stream, leukocytes move through the tissue spaces by an amoeboid motion called ____ ____. Leukocytes can pinpoint areas of tissue damage and infestion and gather there in large numbers? | Positive Chemotaxis |
| Leukocytes are grouped into what two major categories on the basis of structural and chemical characteristics? | Granulocytes; Agranulocytes |
| (Granulocytes/agranulocytes) contain obvious cytoplasmic granules that stain specifically and have a lobed nuclei? | Granulocytes |
| (Granulocytes/agranulocytes) lack visible cytoplasmic granules? | Agranulocytes |
| What three types of WBC's are granulocytes? | 1.Neutrophils 2.Eosinophils 3.Basophils |
| What two types of WBC's are agranulocytes? | 1.Lymphocytes 2.Monocytes |
| Neutrophils account for ____ - ____ % of WBC's? | 50-70% |
| Neutrophils have __-__ lobes? | 3-5 |
| The lobes of neutrophils are called ____ ____ (___)? | Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes (PMN's) |
| List leukocytes in order from most abundant to least abundant. "Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas" | Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils |
| Neutrophils cytoplasm stains what color and contains what type of granules? | Pale lilac; two types of very fine granules |
| Neutrophils contain smaller granules that contain a potent "brew" of antimicrobial proteins called ____? | Defensions |
| Neutrophils remain in the blood for ___ - ___ days, then they migrate to the tissures and remain for ___ - ___ days? | 4-8; 4-5 |
| Neutrophils are chemically attracted to sites of inflammation and are active ____? | Phagocytes |
| Neutrophils are especially partial to (bacteria, fungus, both)? | Both - bacteria and some fungus |
| Neutrophil numbers (increase/decrease) in acute inflammation? | Increase |
| Eosinophils account for ___ - ___% of all leukocytes? | 2-4% |
| Eosinophils contain a nuclei with (1,2,3,4) lobes? | Two |
| Eosinophils have (large/small), (fine/course) granules that can be what two colors when stained? | Large; course; brick red to crimson |
| Eosinophils lack enzymes that specifically digest (parasites/bacteria)? | Bacteria |
| What is the most important role of eosinophils? | Protect against parasitic infection and allergic reactions |
| Basophils account for ___ - ___% of WBC's? | 0.5-1% |
| What is the shape of the basophil nuclei? | U or S shaped |
| Basophils have (course/fine) granules that are what color? | Course; purplish black |
| What type of parasitic worms do eosinophils attack? | Flatworms, roundworms |
| Basophil granules contain ____, which is an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vaso-dilator and attracts other WBC's to the inflammed site? | Histamine |
| Basophils are funtionally similar to what type of tissue cells? | Mast cells |
| Lymphocytes account for ___ - ___% of WBC's? | 25-45% |
| Lymphocytes have a (small/large) rounded nuclei with a (thick/thin) rim of cytoplasm? | Large; thin |
| Lymphocytes move between what two areas? | Blood; lymphoid tissues |
| What are the two types of lymphocytes? | T cells, B cells |
| Lymphocyte ___ cells function in the immune response? | T |
| Lymphocyte ___ cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies? | B |
| Monocytes account for ___ - ___% of leukocytes? | 3-8% |
| Monocytes are the (smallest/largest) leukocytes? | Largest |
| What is the shape of the monocytes nucleus? | U or kidney shaped |
| Monocytes have an abundant cytoplasm that is what color? | Pale blue |
| Monocytes leave the circulation after ___ - ___ days and enter the tissue and become macrophages, where they can survive for how long? | 1-3; years |
| Monocyte macrophages play what two important roles? | Defend against viruses and chronic infection |
| What is leukopoiesis and how is it stimulated? | Production of WBC's; chemical messengers |
| What is the function of interleukins and colony stimulation factors (CSF's)? | Stimulate leukopoiesis |
| ____ - An increase in WBC count caused by inflammatory states? | Leucocytosis |
| ____ - Abnormally low WBC count? | Leucopenia |
| What are two commone causes of leucopenia? | Drugs, anticancer therapy |
| ____ - Cancerous conditions involving WBC's? | Leukemias |
| How are leukemias named? | Accourding to the abnormal cell type primarily involved |
| Myelocytic leukemia involves ____ descendants? | Myeloblast |
| Lymphocytic leukemia involves the ____? | Lymphocytes |
| Leukemia is (chronic/acute) if it derives from blast-type cells like lymphoblasts and primarily affect (adults/children)? | Acute; children |
| Leukemia is (chronic/acute) if it involves proliferation of later cell stages like myelocytes and primarily affect (adults/chidren)? | Chronic; adults |
| (T/F) - Bone marrow becomes replaced by leukemic cells which flood into the blood stream? | True |
| In leukemia because all other blood cell lines are crowded out what two thing can occur? | Severe anemia, bleeding problems |
| What are three common signs and symptoms of leukemia? | Fever, weight loss, bone pain |
| What are the two most common causes of death for leukemia patients? | Internal hemorrhage, overwhelming infection |
| Platelets are made of cytoplasmic fragments of large cells called _____? | Megakaryocytes |
| The granules of platelets contain what five chemicals that act in the clotting process? | 1.Serotonin 2.Ca2+ 3.enzymes 4.ADP 5.PDGF |
| What is the main function of platelets? | Blood clotting |
| Platelet count is ____-____/mm3? | 150,000-400,000/mm3 |
| _____ is a series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding? | Hemostasis |
| What are the three steps that occur repidly during hemostasis? | 1.Vascular spasm 2.Platelet plug formation 3.Coagulation |
| The following occur during what stage of demostasis: by reflex neurogenic mechanism, chemicals are released? | Vascular Spasm |
| The following occur during what stage of hemostasis: platelet adhesion, platelet activation, platelet aggregation? | Platelet plug formation |
| The following occurs during what stage of hemostasis: fibrin is formed around the platelet plug-cementing the plug? | Coagulation |
| (T/F) - Clotting can be either intrinsic or the extrinsic pathway? | True |
| (Intrinsic/extrinsic) pathway is triggered by negatively charged surfaces such as activated platelets, collagen, or glass? | Intrinsic |
| (Intrinsic/extrinsic) factors are called such because the factors needed for clotting are present within the blood? | Intrinsic |
| (Intrinsic/extrinsic) pathway is slower because is has many intermediate steps? | Intrinsic |
| (Intrinsic/extrinsic) pathway is triggered by exposing blood to a factor found in tissues underneath the damaged endothelium? | Extrinsic |
| The extrinsic pathway is triggered by the ____ ____ (___) or ____ ____? | Tissue Factor (TF); factor III |
| (Intrinsic/extrinsic) factors are called such because the tissue factor it requires is outside the blood? | Extrinsic |
| (Intrinsic/extrinsic) pathway is faster because it bypasses several steps of the intrinsic pathway? | Extrinsic |
| The extrinsic pathway, in severe tissue trauma can promote clot formation in ___ seconds? | 15 |
| During the final three steps of clotting, prothrombin activator is formed and is converted into ____ which converts soluble ____ into insoluble ____ threads? | Thrombin; fibrinogen; fibrin |
| ____ molecules polymerize (join together) to form insoluble fibrin strands, these strands glue ____ together and make a web that forms the structural basis of the clot? | Fibrin; platelets |
| In the presence of calcium ions, thrombin also activates ____ XIII (____ ____ ____), this strengthens and stabilizes the clot? | Factor; fibrin stabilizing factor |
| Factors that inhibit clotting are called ____? | Anticoagulants |
| Clot formation is normally complete within ___-___ minutes after blood vessel damage? | 3-6 |
| ____ ____ - Platelets contract - stabilazation of the clot by squeezing out serum? | Clot Retraction |
| ____ - Growth factors stimulate rebuilding of blood vessel wall & restore the endothelial lining? | Repair |
| ____ - Clot removed by fibrin digesting enzyme plamin? | Fibrinolysis |
| Within 30-60 min, the clot is stabilized further by a platelet - induced process called ____ ____? | Clot Retraction |
| A clot is not a permanent solution to blood vessel injuty, and a process called ____ removes unneeded clots wien healing has occured? | Fibrinolysis |
| The critical natural "clot buster" is a fibrin-digesting enzyme called ____, which is produced when the plasma protein ____ is activated? | Plasmin; plasminogen |
| The presence of a clot in and around the blood vessel causes endothelial cells to secrete ____ ____ ____ (___)? | Tussue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) |
| (T/F) - One factor limiting clot growth is removal & dilution of clotting by flow of blood? | True |
| One factor limiting clot growth is thrombin inactivated by ____ ____? | Antithrombin III |
| ____ the natural anticoagulant inhibits thrombin by enhancing the activity of antithrombin III? | Heparin |
| A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel is caused a ____? | Thrombus |
| Thrombi can block circulation - causes tissue death. ____ thrombosis causes heart attack? | Coronary |
| ____ - A dislodged thrombus freely floating in the blood stream? | Embolus |
| An embolus is usally no problem until it encounters a blood vessel too narrow for it to pass through, it then becomes an ____, obstructing the vessel? | Embolism |
| A ____ embolism may cause a stroke? | Cerebral |
| A ____ embolism in the lungs can impair the bodies ability to obtain oxygen? | Pulmonary |
| ____ ____ ____ (___) - A situation in which widespread clotting occurs in intact blood vessels and the residual becomes unable to clot. Blockage of blood flow accompanied by severe bleeding follows? | Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) |
| ____ - A condition where the number of circulation platelets is dificient? | Thrombocytopenia |
| Pt's with thrombocytopenia usually show ____ (pin point hemorrhages)? | Petechia |
| What causes thrombocytompenia? | Suppression or sestruction of bone marrow |
| Pt's with thrombocytopenis usually have platelet counts less than ___/mm3? | 50,000/mm3 |
| (T/F) - Vitamin K deficiency (produced by liver) to complete liver failure can cause hemostasis disorders? | True |
| ____ __ - A hereditary bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of factor VIII? | Hemophilia A |
| Hemophilia A occurs primarily in males or females? | Males |
| ____ ____ transfusions are routine when blood loss is rapid and substantial? | Whole blood |
| ____ ____ ____ transfusion - Whole blood from which most of the plasma has been removed is preferred for restoring oxygen-carrying capacity? | Packed Red Cell |
| Info: RBC membranes have glycoprotein antigens on their surfaces.They are unique to the individual and are recognized as foreign if transfused into another individual. The presence or absence is used to classify blood groups. | |
| The antigens on the surface of RBC's are called ____, and the antibodies in plasma are called ____? | Agglutinogens; Agglutinins |
| What are the two major blood groups? | ABO and Rh |
| The presence of D antigen on RBC's makes a person (Rh+/Rh-) and (Rh+/Rh-) if the D antigen is lacking? | Rh+; Rh- |
| Rh- mother carries Rh+ fetus. At time of birth she gets exposed to Rh+ blood, Rh antibodies are formed. What happens in subsequent births? | The Rh+ antibodies cross the placenta and attack the RBC's of the Rh+ baby |
| What will be the result for the Rh+ baby? | Born with severe anemia |
| What is done to prevent Rh- and Rh+ interaction between mother and baby? | RhoGAM given to Rh- mother |
| When is RhoGAM given? | 32wks and at birth |
Created by:
kmking