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APK Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the shaft or central part of a long bone | diaphysis |
| the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft | epiphysis |
| "region" where diaphysis meets epiphysis | metaphysis |
| hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis; the site of growth in length | epiphyseal plate |
| a plane or plate on a long bone, visible as a line, marking the junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis | epiphyseal line |
| hyaline cartilage at the ends of articulating bones | articular cartilage |
| a hole in the wall of the diaphysis | nutrient foramen |
| deposit bone tissue; located in deep layer of periosteum | osteoblasts |
| destroy bone tissue; located in deep layer of periosteum | osteoclasts |
| perforating fibers of the PERIOSTEUM dive into the bone matrix to secure it to the bone | Sharpey's fibers |
| Sharpey's fibers are very dense at what locations | insertion points of muscles to bone |
| the organized unit of compact bone tissue | osteon |
| a thin layer, membrane, scale, or platelike tissue in bone tissue | lamella |
| also known as volkmanns canal, are microscopic structures found in compact bone through which blood vessels pass | perforating canal |
| a bone cell | osteocyte |
| tiny spaces in matrix located between rings, filled with an osteocyte | lacunae |
| "little canals" radiate out from central canals to lacunae and also connect some lacunae | canaliculi |
| bony plates that fill in between haversian systems | interstitial lamellae |
| one of the layers of bone that underlie the periosteum and endosteum | circumferential lamellae |
| offers slight amount of support to pelvic organs; 3 135 fused vertebrae | coccyx |
| formed by 5 fused vertebrae, joins the coccyx inferiorly | sacrum |
| lacks a vertebral body | atlas |
| has tooth-like dens | axis |
| _______ _________ articulates with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint | mandibular condyle |
| canal filled with blood vessels | central canal |
| cartilage that covers the ends of most bones at movable joints | articular cartilage |
| connect the ribs to the sternum | costal cartilage |
| type of cartilage that makes up the articular cartilage | hyaline |
| fibrocartilage can be found in two specific locations | 1) anulus fibrosus portion of the discs between vertebrae 2) menisci of the knee |
| functions of bones | support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation and energy storage |
| two most important minerals | calcium and phosphate |
| bones that serve as protection | skull, vertebrae, and rib cage |
| bone classification | long, short, flat, irregular |
| long bone | humerus |
| flat bones | cranial, ribs, sternum, scapula |
| short bones | carpals/tarsals, sesamoid bones |
| irregular | vertebrae, os coxae |
| dense outer layer of bone | compact bone tissue |
| internal layer of bone | spongy bone |
| spongy bone is also called | "trabecular bone" |
| located in the very center of the diaphysis where no bone tissue is located at all. contains yellow bone marrow | medullary cavity |
| superficial layer of periosteum consists of | dense irregular connective tissue |
| deep layer of periosteum consists of | osteogenic cells |
| endosteum contains | osteoblasts AND osteoclasts |
| short bones have no | diaphysis or marrow cavity |
| an important structural component of compact bone | Haversian system |
| long cylindrical structures that run parallel to the long axis of the bone. structurally, it is a group of concentric tubes resembling a tree trunk | osteon |
| each of the tubes making up an osteon | lamella |
| projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment | tuberosity, crest, trochanter, line, tubercle, epicondyle, spine, process |
| surfaces that form joints | head, facet, condyle |
| hardness of bone | mineral salts |
| process by which bone forms is called | osteogenesis or ossification |
| bone formation occurs in 4 situations | 1) embryo 2) growth of bones until adulthood 3) remodeling of bone through life 4) repair of fractures |
| 2 patterns of ossification | intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification |
| bones form directly within mesenchyme, arranged in layers that resemble membranes (skull and clavicle) | intramembranous ossification |
| bone forms within hyaline cartilage, replacing it (all bones from base of skull down except for clavicles) | endochondral ossification |
| ____ are the only bones formed by intramembranous ossification that are not in the skull | clavicles |
| deposit bone tissue | osteoblasts |
| destroy bone tissue | osteoclasts |
| maintain bone tissue | osteocyte |
| consist of 2 plates of compact bone and separated by a layer of spongy bone | flat bones |
| spongy bone consist of trabecular containing several layers of lamellae and osteocytes but NO | osteons |
| endochondral bones lengthen during youth through the growth of__________ ______ _________ | epiphyseal plate cartilage |
| appositional growth | bones get THICKER |
| osteoblasts in the periosteum add bone tissue to the external bone surface, osteoclasts remove bone tissue from the medullary cavity at the same rate | appositional growth |
| old bone is continually destroyed and new bone is formed in its place throughout the individuals life | bone remodeling |
| replaced every 3/4 years | spongy bone |
| replaced every 10 years | compact bone |
| remodeling rate ______ vs _______ | diaphysis vs. epiphyses |
| bone resorption= | osteoclasts |
| osteoclasts secrete HCl and lysosomal enzymes | bone resorption |
| bone deposition= | osteoblasts |
| osteoblasts derived from | mesenchyme |
| osteoclasts derived from | immature blood cells (hematopoietic stem cells) |
| joint= | articulation |
| joints are classified by _____ and _____ | structure and function |
| (joints) based on anatomical features | structure |
| (joints) based on the type and degree of movement allowed | function |
| immovable joints | synarthroses |
| slightly movable joints | amphiarthroses |
| freely movable joints | diarthroses |
| type of movement predominant in the limbs | diarthroses |
| types of movement restricted to axial skeleton | synarthroses and amphiarthroses |
| 3 structural classes of joints | fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial |
| 3 functional classes of joints | synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses |
| bones held together by collagen fibers | fibrous |
| bones held together by cartilage | cartilaginous |
| bones held together by ligaments | synovial |
| 3 types of fibrous joints | suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis |
| short fibers, immobile | suture; fibrous joint |
| longer fibers; slightly mobile and immobile | syndesmosis; fibrous joint |
| periodontal ligaments; immobile | gomphosis; fibrous joint |
| 2 types of cartilaginous joints | synchondrosis and symphysis |
| hyaline cartilage, immobile | synchondrosis; cartilaginous joint |
| fibrocartilage, slightly movable | symphysis; cartilaginous joint |
| freely movable, ligaments hold bones together, synovial cavity present | synovial joints |
| space between articulating bones (synovial joints) | synovial cavity |
| sleeve like capsule that encloses the synovial cavity | synovial capsule |
| continuous with the periosteum in synovial capsule (outer layer) | fibrous capsule |
| inner synovial membrane--covers any bony surface inside the joint capsule ___ _____ ___ cartilage | not covered by |
| viscous fluid secreted by the inner synovial membrane | synovial fluid |
| functions of synovial fluid | to reduce friction between joined bones (lubrication) and supply oxygen and nutrients to joint cartilages |
| rotating the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly | pronation |
| rotating the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly | supination |
| turning the sole of the foot medially | inversion |
| turning the sole of the foot laterally | eversion |
| ______ is richly supplied with blood | synovial membrane |
| ______ in joint cartilages get nutrients and oxygen from synovial fluid while all other parts of the synovial joint are directly supplied by vessels | chondrocytes |
| sac like structure containing synovial fluid | bursa |
| tube like bursa that wraps around tendons ( like a bun around hot dog) | tendon sheath |
| 6 categories of synovial joints | planar, hinge, ball-and-socket, saddle, condyloid, pivot |
| synovial joint that primarily permits back and forth and side to side movement | planar |
| planar joint example | metacarpals/ carpals |
| cylindric end of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface of another bone | hinge joint |
| hinge joint example | humerus into ulna |
| decrease in the angle between articulating bones (bones move closer together) | flexion |
| increase in the angle between articulating bones (bones move away from one another) | extension |
| continued extension beyond anatomical position (most bones do not do this naturally...without injury) | hyperextension |
| knee joint=__________ + ___________ | femorotibial+femoropatellar |
| moving a limb away from the body | abduction |
| moving a limb toward the body midline | adduction |
| knee joint | hinge |
| for knee joint the joint capsule is only present _____ and _____ not ______ | posteriorly and laterally not anteriorly |
| rounded end of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone+ and encircling ligament | pivot joint |
| pivot joint | radius and ulna joint |
| rounded end of one bone fits into the oval shaped depression of another bone | condyloid joints |
| movement of a body part in a circle | circumduction |
| articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the "saddle" | saddle joints |
| saddle joints example | metacarpal 1 and trapezium |
| sternoclavicular joint is a ____ | saddle joint |
| spherical head of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone | ball-and-socket |
| ball and socket example | scapula and humerus |
| intracapsular ligament that attaches the fovea capitus to the acetabular fossa | ligamentum teres |
| anterior surface of bone is turned away from midline | external rotation |
| anterior surface of bone is turned toward midline | internal rotation |
| restrict range of motion | ligaments |
| hormone that loosens joints during pregnancy | relaxin |
| contractile organelles of the muscle fiber | myofibrils |
| myofibril is a long row of repeating segments called _______ | sarcomeres |
| basic unit of contraction in skeletal muscle | sarcomere |
| cylindric bundle in the center of the sarcomere that overlaps the inner ends of the thin filaments | thick filaments (myosin) |
| actin=_______ filament | thin |
| myosin=_______ filament | thick |
| each actin molecule has a__________ where a myosin head can attach | myosin-binding site |
| thick and thin filaments are arranged in overlapping compartments called_______ | sarcomeres |
| boundaries at the 2 ends of each sarcomeres | Z discs |
| region where thin filaments overlap thick filaments | A band |
| central part of A band where no thin filaments reach | H zone |
| center of the H zone that contains tiny rods that hold the thick filaments together | M line |
| two regions on either side of the A band, regions that contain ONLY thin filaments | I bands |
| chord like protein that covers myosin binding site on actin molecules | tropomyosin |
| regulatory proteins | tropomyosin and troponin |
| protein complex attached to tropomyosin, binds with calcium and pulls tropomyosin OFF binding site, allows myosin to bind actin | troponin |
| structural proteins | dystrophin and titan |
| protein that functions to anchor the myofibrils to the sarcolemma | dystrophin |
| huge elastic protein that anchors thick filaments to the Z discs and resists overstretching | titan |
| a single somatic motor neuron + all the muscle fibers it innervates | motor unit |
| few fibers/motor unit | fine movement |
| many fibers/motor unit | gross movement |
| as the axon of the motor neuron approaches the muscle, it gives off tiny branches which terminate in enlargements called____________ | axon terminals (terminal boutons) |
| small invaginations of the sarcolemma that function to increase surface area | junctional folds |
| space between axon terminal and sarcolemma | synaptic cleft |
| components of NMJ | axon terminal, sarcolemma of muscle fibers, synaptic cleft |
| contractile proteins | actin and myosin |
| these THIN fibers are RED due to HIGH content of myoglobin | slow oxidative |
| WHITE fibers due to LOW content of myoglobin with LARGE diameter | fast glycolytic |
| intermediate in amy characteristics | fast oxidative |
| different arrangements of fascicles | convergent, parallel, pennate, circular, |
| origin is broad, fascicles converge toward the tendon of insertion, triangular or fan-shaped, muscle fibers extend the length of the muscle | convergent |
| fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle, either fusiform or straplike | parallel |
| fascicles arranged in circular rings, always found external body opening (sphincter) such as mouth and eyes | circular |
| short fascicles that attach obliquely to a tendon that runs the length of the muscle | pennate |
| "penna"= | feather |
| looks like many feathers situated side by side (deltoid muscle) | multipennate |
| fascicles insert into the tendon on both sides (rectus femoris) | bipennate |
| fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon (extensor digitorum longus) | unipennate |
| the operation of most skeletal muscles involves_____ | leverage |
| load-fulcrum-effort | 1st class lever |
| fulcrum-load-effort | 2nd class lever |
| load-effort-fulcrum | 3rd class lever |
| prime over, contracts to cause an action | agonist |
| stretches and yields to the effects of the agonist | antagonist |
| a muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces _______ (pectoralis major) | flexion |
| a muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces________ (lattisimus dorsi) | extension |
| a muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces_________ (medial deltoid) | abduction |
| a muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces_________ (teres major) | adduction |
| most compartments are innervated by a _________ | single named nerve |
| posterior compartment of arm innervation: | radial nerve |
| anterior compartment of arm innervation: | musculocutaneous nerve |
| posterior compartment of arm innervation: | radial nerve |
| anterior compartment of thigh innervation: | femoral nerve |
| medial compartment of thigh innervation: | obturator nerve |
| posterior compartment of thigh innervation: | tibial nerve |
Created by:
lainawilcox93