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Fundamentals Nursing
Chapter 40 Oxygenation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fundamentals of Nursing Chapter 40 Oxygenation | low oxygen at the cellular or tissue level |
| What is hypoxemia? | low oxygen tension in the blood |
| What is hypercapnia? | elevated carbon dioxide tension in the blood |
| What is hypoxia? | low oxygen at the cellular or tissue level. |
| What is ventilation? | process of moving gases into and out of the lungs. Requires coordination of the muscular and elastic properties of the lung and thorax. |
| What is the major inspiratory muscle of respiration? | diaphragm |
| What is perfusion? | the ability of the CV system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs. |
| What is diffusion? | responsible for moving the respiratory gases from one area to another by concentration gradients. |
| What is inspiration? | active process, stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta |
| What is expiration? | passive process that depends on the eleastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little or no muscle owrk. |
| What is surfactant? | chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing. |
| What is atelectasis? | a collapse of the alveoli that prevents normal exchange of oxygen and CO2. |
| What is airway resistance? | increase in pressure that occurs as the diameter of hte airways decreases from mouth/nose to alveoli. any further decrease in airway diameter by bronchoconstriction can increase airway resistance. |
| Name 2 diseases that cause airway obstruction? | asthma and tracheal edema. When airway resistance increases, the amount of oxygen delivered to the alveoli decreases. |
| What is tidal volume? | the amount of air exhaled after normal inspiration. |
| What is residual volume? | the amount of air left in the alveoli after a full expiration. |
| What is forced vital capacity? | maximum amount of air that can be removed from the lungs during forced expiration. |
| What often alters the amount of alveolar capillary membrane surface are? | Chronic diseases (e.g., emphysema), acut diseases (e.g., pneumothorax), and surgical processes (e.g., lobectomy). |
| What is stroke volume? | The volume of bloode ejected from the ventricles during systole. |
| What causes a decrease in stroke volume and a decrease in circulating blood volume? | hemorrhage and dehydration |
| What is cardiac output? | the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute. |
| What is afterload? | the resistance to left ventricular ejection. The heart works harder to overcome the resistance so blood can be fully ejected from the left ventricle. |
| What is preload? | the end-diastolic volume. The ventricles stretch when filling with blood. Teh more stretch on teh ventricular muscle, the greater the contraction and the greater the stroke volume. Medical treatment can alter preload and subsequent stroke volume. |
| What is hypovolemia? | conditions such as shock and severe dehydration cause extracellular fluid loss and reduced circulating blood volume. |
| What is hypoventilation? | occurs when alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the oxygen demand of the body or eliminate sufficient caron dioxide. As alveolar ventilation decreases, the body retains CO2. |
| What is hypervenitlation? | a state of ventilation in which the lungs remove CO2 faster than it is produced by cellular metabolism. Severe anxiety, infection, drugs, or an acid-base imbalance induces hyperventilation. |
| What are causes of hypoxia? | 1. decreased hemoglobin, 2. diminished concentration of inspired O2, 3. inability of tissues to extract O2 from blood, 4. decreased diffusion of O2 from alveoli to blood, 5. poor tissue perfusion, 6. impaired ventilation. |
| What are clinical signs and symptoms of hypoxia? | apprehension, restlessness, inability to concentrate, decreased level of consciousness, dizziness, and behavioral changes. |
| What are vital sign changes of hypoxia? | increased pulse rate and rate and depth of respiration. BP is elevated during early stages unless condition is caused by shock. Respirator rate declines as a result of respiratory muscle fatigue. |
| How do dysrythmias occur? | as a primary conduction disturbance such as in response to ischemia; valvular abnormality; anxiety, drug toxicity; caffeine, alcohol, or tabacco use; or as a complication of acid-base or electrolyte imbalance. |
| What is ventricular tachycardia? | life-threatening dysrhythmia because of the decreased cardiac output and the potential to deteriorate into ventricular fibrillation or sudden cardiac death. |
| What is valvular heart disease? | an acquired or congenital disorder of a cardiac valve that causes either hardening or impaired closure of the valves. |
| What is stenosis of the heart? | the flow of blood throught eh valves is obstructed. |
| What is myocardial ischemia? | results when the supply of blood to the myocardium from the coronary arteries is insufficient to meet myocardial O2 demands. |
| What is angina pectoris? | a transient imbalance between myocardial O2 supply and demand. Results in chest pain that is aching, sharp, tingling, or burning or that feels like pressure. |
| What is myocardial infarction? | results from sudden decreases in coronary blood flow or an increase in myocardial O2 demand w/o adequate cornoary perfusion. |
| What does inhaled nicotine do the CV system? | causes vasoconstriction of peripheral and coronary blood vessels, increasing blood pressure and decreasing blood flow to peripheral vessels. |
| There are two ways that excessive use of alcohol and other drugs impairs tissue oxygenation. Name one way for this card and the other way will be on another flashcard. | 1. the person who chronically abuses substances often has a poor nutritional intake. With the resultant decrease in intake of iron-rich foods, hemoglobin production declines. |
| There are two ways that excessive use of alcohol and other drugs impairs tissue oxygenation. Name one way for this card and the other way will be on another flashcard. | 2. depresses the respiratory center, reducing the rate and depth of respiration and the amount of inhaled O2. Substance abuse can cause direct injury to lung tissue that leads to permanent lung damage. |
| What is orthopnea? | abnormal condition in which a patient uses multiple pillows when reclining to breathe easier or sits leaning forward with arms elevated. |
| What is hemoptysis? | (bloody sputum) |
| What is hematemesis? | bleeding from the upper respiratory trat, sinus drainage, or the GI tract. |
| What is wheezing? | associated with asthma. high-pitched muscial sound caused by high-velocity movement of air through a narrowed airway. |
| What is postural drainage? | a component of pulmonary hygiene; it consists of drainage, positioning and turning and is sometimes accompanied by chest percussion and vibration. |
| What is endotracheal (ET) tube? | short-term artificial airway to administer mechanical ventilation, relieve upper airway obstruction, protect against aspiration, or clear secretions. Removed in about 14 days. |
| What is a tracheostomy? | a surgical incision is made into the trachea, and a short artificial airway ( a tracheostomy tube) is inserted. |
| What is incentive spirometry? | encourages voluntary deep breathing by providing visual feedback to patients about inspiratory volume. It promotes deep breathing and prevents or treats atelectasis in the postoperative patient. |
| What is pneumothorax? | a collection of air in the pleural space. The loss of negative intrapleural pressure causes the lung to collapse. A 2ndary pneumothorax can occur as a result of chest trauma. |
| What is a hemothorax? | an accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleura, usually as a reslt of trauma. Produces a counter pressure and prevtns the lung from full expansion. |
Created by:
davidcollins