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Comm Works 1-6
Communication Works Chapters 1-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Channels | Media through which messages are sent |
| Communication | The deliberate or accidental transfer of meaning |
| Context | The setting |
| Effect | The communication outcome |
| Essentials of Communication | Those components present during every communication event Sender/Receiver Message Channels Noise Context Feedback Effect |
| External Feedback | A response from another |
| Feedback | Information returned to a message source |
| Group Communication | Interaction with a limited number of persons |
| Hyper-Competitive Culture | The contention that one has to defeat another in order to achieve one's goals |
| Internal Feedback | A response one gives oneself |
| Interpersonal Communication | The relationship level of communication |
| Intrapersonal Communication | Communication with oneself |
| Mass Communication | The transmission of messages that may be processed by gatekeepers prior to being sent to large audiences via a channel of broad diffusion |
| Message | The content of a communicative act |
| Need for Affection | The need to express and receive love |
| Need for Control | The need to feel we are capable or responsible |
| Need for Inclusion | The need for social contact |
| Negative Feedback | A response that extinguishes behavior in progress |
| Noise | Anything that interferes or distorts the ability to send and receive messages |
| Online Communication | The building of relationships using the computer and the internet |
| Positive Feedback | A response that enhances behavior in progress |
| Public Communication | Communication designed to inform, persuade, or entertain audience members |
| Receivers | Persons who receive, decode, and interpret a message |
| Senders | Persons who formulate, encode, and transmit a message |
| Social Capital | Social connections or networks |
| Technopoly | A culture in which technology monopolizes the thought-world |
| Accommodation | The means by which co-culture members maintain their cultural identity while striving to establish relationships with members of the dominant culture |
| Assimilation | The means by which co-culture members attempt to fit in with members of the dominant culture |
| Co-Cultures | Groups of persons who differ in some ethnic or sociological way from the parent culture |
| Collectivistic Cultures | Cultures in which group goals are stresses |
| Cultural Imperialism | The expansion of dominion of one culture over another culture |
| Cultural Pluralism | Adherence to the principle of cultural relativism |
| Cultural Relativism | The acceptance of other cultural groups as equal in value to one's own |
| Culturally Confused | Lacking an understanding of cultural difference |
| Culture | A system of knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that are acquired, shared, and used by members during daily living |
| Digital Divide | Information gap |
| Diversity | The recognition and valuing of difference |
| Ethnocentrism | The tendency to see one's own culture as superior to all others |
| Feminine Cultures | Cultures that value tenderness and relationships |
| Globalization | The increasing economic, political, and cultural integration and interdependence of diverse cultures |
| High-Context Communication | A tradition-bound communication system that depends on indirectness |
| High-Power-Distance Cultures | Cultures based on power differences in which subordinates defer to superiors |
| Individualistic Cultures | Cultures in which individual goals are stressed |
| Intercultural Communication | Interaction with individuals of different cultures |
| Interethnic Communication | Interaction with individuals of different ethnic origins |
| International Communication | Communication between persons representing different nations |
| Interracial Communication | The interpreting and sharing of meanings with people of different races |
| Intracultural Communication | Interaction with members of the same racial or ethnic group or co-culture as one's own |
| Low Context Communication | A system that encourages directness in communication |
| Low-Power-Distance Cultures | Cultures that believe that power should be used only when legitimate |
| Masculine Cultures | Cultures that value aggressiveness, strength, and materials of success |
| Melting-Pot Philosophy | The view that different cultures should be assimilated into the dominant culture |
| Multiculturalism | Engagement with and respect toward people fro0m distinctly different cultures |
| Prejudice | A biased, negative attitude toward a particular group of people; a negative prejudgment based on membership in a social category |
| Separation | The means co-culture members use to resist interacting with members of the dominant culture |
| Allness | The erroneous belief that any one person can know all there is to know about anything |
| Allocentric | Exhibiting a collectivistic orientation |
| Blind Area | The part of the self known to others but not known to oneself |
| Blindering | The process by which one unconsciously adds restrictions that limit one's perceptual capabilities |
| Bullying | Persistent teasing, name-calling, or social exclusion |
| Closure | The tendency to fill in missing perceptual pieces in order to perceive a complete world |
| Cultivation Theory | Theory proposing the mass media's ability to influence the public's attitudes and perceptions of reality |
| Cultural Nearsightedness | The failure to understand that we do not all attribute the same meanings to similar behavioral clues |
| Distinctiveness Theory | The theory that states that a person's own distinctive traits are more salient to him or her than are the more prevalent traits possessed by others in the immediate environment |
| Empathy | Experiencing the world from a perspective other than one's own |
| Facework | The means used to present a public image |
| Fact | That which is known to be true based on observation |
| Figure-Ground Principle | A strategy that facilitates the organization of stimuli by enabling us to focus on different stimuli alternatively |
| First Impressions | Initial judgments about people |
| Galatea Effect | The principle that states that we fulfill our own expectations |
| Halo Effect | The perceiving of qualities that are primarily positive |
| Hidden Area | The part of the self that contains information about the self known to oneself but that is hidden from others |
| High Self-Monitors | People highly attuned to impression management efforts |
| Horn Effect | The perceiving of qualities that are primarily negative |
| Idiocentric | Exhibiting an individualistic orientation |
| Impression Management | The creation of a positive image designed to influence others |
| Inference | An assumption with varying degrees of accuracy |
| Johari Window | A model containing four panes that are used to explain the roles that self-awareness and self-disclosure play in relationships |
| Low Self-Monitors | People who pay little attention to responses others have to them |
| Open Area | The part of the self containing information known to both the self and others |
| Perceived Self | The self we believe ourself to be |
| Perception | The process by which we understand experiences |
| Perceptual Sets | Expectations that produce a readiness to process experience in a predetermined way |
| Primary Effect | The ability of one's first impression to color subsequent impressions |
| Pygmalion Effect | The principle that states that we fulfill the expectations of others |
| Selective Attention | The tendency to focus on certain cues and to ignore others |
| Selective Exposure | The tendency to expose oneself to information that reaffirms existing attitudes, beliefs, and values |
| Selective Perception | The means of interpreting experience in a way that conforms to one's beliefs, expectations, and convictions |
| Selective Retention | The tendency to remember those things that reinforce one's way of thinking and to forget those that oppose one's way of thinking |
| Self-Awareness | The ability to reflect on and monitor one's own behavior |
| Self-Concept | Everything one thinks and feels about oneself |
| Self-Disclosure | The process of revealing to another person information about the self that otherwise that person would not know |
| Self-Efficacy | An optimistic belief in one's own confidence |
| Self-Esteem | How well one likes and values oneself |
| Self-Fulfilling Prophecy | A prediction or an expectation that comes true simply because one acts as if it were true |
| Self-Image | The sort of person one perceives oneself to be |
| Stereotype | A generalization about people, places, or events held by many members of a society |
| Unknown Area | The part of the self that is unknown to oneself and others |
| Bypassing | Miscommunication that occurs when individuals think they understand each other but actually miss each others' meaning |
| Connotative Meaning | Subjective meaning; one's personal meaning for a word |
| Denotative Meaning | Dictionary meaning; the objective or descriptive meaning of a word |
| Disclaimers | Remarks that diminish the importance of a statement |
| Dominant Culture | The culture in power; the mainstream culture |
| Euphemism | A pleasant word that is substituted for a less pleasant one |
| Gender-lects | Language differences attributed to gender |
| Jargon | A specialized vocabulary of technical terms that is shared by a community of users |
| Language | A unified system of symbols that permits the sharing of meaning |
| Linguistic Determinism | The belief that language influences how we interpret the world |
| Linguistic Prejudice | The use of prejudiced language |
| Linguistic Relativity | The belief that persons who speak different languages perceive the world differently |
| Onlinespeak | The informal communication style that marks electronic communication |
| Polarization | The use of either/or language that causes us to perceive and speak about the world in extremes |
| Pop Language | Words and phrases used to make oneself cool |
| Prejudiced Language | Language disparaging the members of a co-culture |
| Qualifiers | Tentative phrases |
| Racial Code Words | Words that are discriminatory but are not literally racist |
| Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis | The belief that the labels we use help shape the way we think, act, and view the world |
| Slang | Informal vocabulary that bonds its users together while excluding others |
| Symbol | That which represents something else |
| Tag Questions | Questions that are midway between outright statements and yes/no questions |
| Triangle of Meaning | A model that explains the relationship that exists between words, things, and thoughts |
| Artifactual Communication | The use of personal adornments |
| Chronemics | The study of the use of time |
| Civil Inattention | The polite ignoring of others so as not to infringe on their privacy |
| Contact Cultures | Cultures that promote interaction and encourage displays of warmth, closeness, and availability |
| Emoticons | Symbols that replace nonverbal cues during online communication |
| Facial Management Techniques | The means we use to control the expressions we reveal to others |
| Fixed-Feature Space | Space that contains relatively permanent objects |
| Habitual Pitch | The characteristic pitch one uses |
| Haptics | The study of the use of touch |
| Informal Space | Space that is highly mobile and can be quickly changed |
| Intimate Distance | A distance ranging from the point of tough to 18 inches from a person |
| Kinesics | The study of the relationship between human body motion (body language) and communication |
| Low-Contact Cultures | Cultures that maintain more distance while interacting |
| Markers | Items that reserve one's space |
| Mixed Message | Message that occurs when words and actions contradict each other |
| Nonfluencies | Meaningless sounds or phrases that disrupt the flow of speech |
| Nonverbal Communication | The kinds of human messages and responses not expressed in words |
| Olfactics | The study of the sense of smell |
| Paralanguage | Vocal cues that accompany spoken language |
| Personal Distance | A distance rangind from 18 inches to 4 feet from a person |
| Pitch | The highness or lowness of the voice |
| Proxemics | The study of the use of space |
| Public Distance | A distance of 12 feet and farther from a person |
| Rate | Speaking speed |
| Semi-Fixed Feature Space | Space in which objects are used to create distance |
| Silence | The absence of both paralinguistic and verbal cues |
| Social Distance | A distance ranging from 4 feet to 12 feet from a person |
| Territoriality | The need to demonstrate a possessive or ownership relationship to space |
| Visual Dominance | A measure calculated by comparing the percentage of looking while speaking with the percentage of looking while listening |
| Volume | The degree of loudness of the voice |
| Action-Oriented Listener | Focused on task and concerned with outcomes |
| Appreciative Listening | Listening for enjoyment or relaxation |
| Comprehensive Listening | Listening to gain knowledge |
| Content-Oriented Listener | Focused on what is said |
| Critical Listening | Listening to evaluate the worth of a message |
| Critical Thinking | The careful and deliberate process of message evaluation |
| Dialogic Listening | Listening that focuses on what happens to people as they respond to each other |
| Empathic Listening | Listening to help others |
| Evaluative Feedback | A positive or negative judgment |
| Formative Feedback | Timed negative feedback |
| Hearing | The involuntary, physiological process by which we perceive sound |
| HURIER Model | A model of listening focusing on six skill areas or stages |
| "I" Messages | Nonevaluative responses that convey our feelings about the nature of a situation |
| Listening | The deliberate, psychological process by which we receive, understand, and retain aural stimuli |
| Mindfulness | Emptying one's mind of personal concerns and interfering emotions, and choosing to focus on the person and the present |
| Nonevaluative Feedback | Nondirective feedback |
| Paraphrasing | Restating in one's own words what another person has said |
| People-Oriented Listener | Focused on emotions and connections |
| Probing | A nonevaluative technique in which we ask for additional information |
| Red-Flag Words | Words that trigger emotional deafness, dropping listening efficiency to zero |
| Serial Communication | A chain-of-command transmission |
| Speech-Thought Differential | The difference between the rate of speaking and the rate of thinking |
| Supportive Feedback | A nonevaluative response indicating that the receiver perceives a problem as important |
| Time-Oriented Listener | Focused on time limitations |
| Understanding | A nonevaluative response that uses restatement to check comprehension |
| "You" Messages | Responses that place blame on another person |
Created by:
bmaze
Popular English Vocabulary sets