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Sociology test 1 que
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| is seeing the general in the particular; Sociologists look for general patterns in the behavior of particular people | Sociological Perspective |
| Thsi person explained the differences in terms of social integration; categories of people with strong social ties had low suicidal rates, and more indiv. categories of people had high suicide rates | Durkheim |
| this sociologist believed that periods of change or crisis makes everyone feel a little off balance; used Great Depression as an example; people use social imagination to not only understand their society but their own lives as well | C. Wright Mills |
| the study of the larger our society's place in it | Global Perspective |
| Benefits of Sociological Perspective | helps us assess the truth of common sense, helps us assess both opportunities and constraints in our lives, empowers us to be active participants in our society, helps us live in a diverse world |
| are the nations with the highest overall standards of living; US, Canada, Argentina, Western Europe,; produces most of the worlds goods and services, people are lucky to be born in this region | High Income Countries |
| nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole; Eastern Europe, some of Africa, Latin America and Asia; likely to live in rural villages, walk or ride tractors; some social inequality | Middle- Income Countries |
| nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor; Africa and a few in Asia, struggle to get be poor housing, unsafe water, too little food, and little chance to improve their lives | Low- Income Countries |
| Sociologists have helped shape? | public policy- the laws and regulations that guide how people in communities live and work- in countless ways from racial desegregation and school busing to laws regulating divorce |
| Three kinds of chnages were especially important in the development of sociology | The rise of factory based industrial economy, the explosive growth of cities, and new ideas about democracy and political rights |
| In the writings of Hobbes, Locke, and Adam Smith, we see a shift from a moral obligation to GOD and king to... | the pursuit of self interest. In the new political climate, philosophers spoke of personal liberty and individual rights |
| This french social thinker coined the term sociology to describe a new way of looking at society; saw sociology as a product of a three stage historical development | Auguste Comte |
| to the end of the Europen Ages to abotu 1350 CE, people took a religious view that society expressed God's will | Theological Stage |
| in which people saw society as a natural rather than a supernatural system | Mataphysical stage |
| this stage began with the work of Early scientists such as Galileo and Newton | Scientific Stage |
| a way of understanding based on science | Positivism |
| is a statement of how and why specific facts are related. | theory |
| asa abasic image of society that guides thinking and research | Theoretical Approach |
| is a framework for building theory that sees society as a compleax system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability | Structural Functional approach |
| any relative stable pattern of social behavior | Social Structure |
| the consequences of any social patterns for the operation of society as a whole | Social Function |
| Structural functional approach owes much to | Comte and Durkheim and Spencer (compared society to the human body) |
| explained our understanding of the concept of social function by pointing out that any social structure has many functions, some more obvious than others. Distinguished between manifest functions and latent functions | Robert K Merton |
| the recognized and intended consequeces of any social pattern | manifest functions |
| the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern | Latent Function |
| is any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society | Social Dysfunction |
| is a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change | Social- Conflict Approach |
| a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men | gender- conflict approach |
| support of social equality for women and men | Feminism |
| Was particularly concerned about the position of women in society and fought for changes in in education so that women could have more options in life; first female sociologist | Harriet Martineau |
| helped found the Hull house; spoke out against issues involving immigration and the pursuit of peace | Jane Addams |
| She campaigned for racial equality and to put an end on the lynching of black people | Ida Wells Barnett |
| founded the Atlant Sociological Laboratory; Believed that sociologists should not simple learn about society's problems but to solve them as well; spoke out against racial inequality and part. in the founding of NAACP | Du Bois |
| a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole | macro level orientation |
| a close up focus on social interaction in specific situations | Micro level orientation |
| is a framework for buildig theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals | Symbolic-interaction approach |
| german sociologist who emphasized the need to understand a setting from the point of view of the people in it | Max weber |
| explored how our our personalities develop as a result of social experience | Gorge Herbert MEad |
| his dramtological analysis describes how we resemble actors on stage as we play our various roles. | Goffman |
| they developed social exhange analysis; in their view social interaction is guided by what each person stands to gain or lose from interaction | George Homans and Peter Blau |
| the importance of social class in inequality and social conflict | Karl Marx |
| Sociological Investigation starts with 2 simple requirements | Apply the sociological perspective and be curioues and ask questions |
| is a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observations | Science |
| information we can verify our senses | Empirical Evidence |
| is the study of society based on systematic observations of social behavior | Positivist Sociology |
| mental construct that respresents some part of the world in simplified form | Concept |
| is a concept whose values changes from case to case | Variable |
| procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case | Measurement |
| specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variable | Operationalize a variable |
| refers to the consistency in measurement | Reliability |
| actually measurng out what you intend to measure | Validity |
| a relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another | Cause and effect |
| is a relationship in which two ot more variables change together | Correlation |
| an apparent but false relationship between two or more variables that is caused by some other variable | Spurious Correlation |
| holding constant all variables except one in order to see clearly the effect of that variable | Control |
| To establish Cause and effect, three variables must be met | demonstrated correlation, an independent variable that occurs before the dependent variable, and no evidence that a third variable could be causing a spurious correlation between the two |
| personal neutrality in conducting research; researchers must not let their personal attitudes influence the results | Objectivity |
| Urged researchers to be value free in their investigations; Verstahden= understanding | Max Weber |
| one way to limit distortion is by ___. repitition of research by other investigators | replication |
| Some limitationd of Scientific Sociology | Human behavior is too complex for sociologists to predict any individual's actions precisely, presence of a researcher may affect behavior being studied, social patterns vary, sociologist can not be 100 percent value free |
| the study of society that focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world | Interpretive Sociology |
| is the study of society that focuses on the need for social change | Critical Sociology |
| Identified 5 ways gender can shape research | Eichler |
| 5 ways gender can affect research | Androcentricity, Overgeneralzing, Gender Blindness, Double Standards, Interference |
| Who established the guidelines for conducting research? | American Sociological Association (ASA) |
| is a research method ofr investigating cause and effect | Experiment |
| a statement of possible relationship between 2 or more variables | hypothesis |
| refers to the change in a subjects behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied | Hawthorne Effect |
| a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their regular activities | Participant Observation |
| is reasoning that transforms specific observations into general theory | Inductive Logical thought |
| reasoning that transforms general theory into specific hypotheses suitable for testing | Deductive Logical Thought |
| is the way of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a peoples way of life | Culture |
| is ideas created by the members of a society | Nonmaterial culture |
| is the physical things created by members of a society , everything from armchairs to sippers | Material Culture |
| personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life | Culture Shock |
| is a political entity, a territory with designated borders, such as US and Canada | Nation |
| is the organized interaction of people within a nation | Society |
| Globally how many languages are spoken around the world? Us? | 7000, 300 |
| What accounts for the decline in the number of spoken languages? | Glabalization, high technology communication, increasing international migration, and the expanding worldwide economy |
| is anythng that carries particular meaning recognized by people in a shared culture | Symbol |
| is a system of symbols that allow people to communicate with one another | Language |
| the process by which one generation passes culture to the next | Cultural transmission |
| states that people see and undestand the world through cultural lens of language | Sapir-Whorf thesis |
| culturally defined standards people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and serves a broad guideline for social living | Value |
| specific thoughts or ideas people hold to be true | beliefs |
| Kay Values of US culture | equal opportunity, achievement and success, material comfort, activity and work, practicality and efficiency, progress, science, democracy and free enterprise, freedom, racism and group superiority |
| Identified ten values that are widspread in US | Robin Williams |
| People in low income countries develop cultures | that value survival. tend to be traditional |
| people in high income countries develop cultures that | value individualism and self-expression |
| the rules and expectations by which a society guides the behaviors of its members | norms |
| rewards or punishments that encourage conformity to cultural norms | Sanctions |
| Coined the term Mores and Folkways | William Graham Sumner |
| norms that are widely spread and have great moral significance; right and worng | Mores |
| norms for routine or casual interaction; right and rude | Folkways |
| refers to cultural patterns that distinguishes a society's elite | high culture |
| designate cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population | Popular Culture |
| refers to cultural patterns that set aprat some segment of a societys population | Subculture |
| is a perspective recognizing cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions | Multiculturalism |
| the dominance of european cultural patterns | Eurocentrism |
| emphasizing and promoting african cultural patterns | Afrocentrism |
| refers to cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted in society | Counterculture |
| Defined cultural lag; the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system | Ogburn |
| Cultural motion are set in motion in three ways | Invention, Discovery, and Diffusion |
| the process of judging another culture by the standards of ones own culture | Ethnocentrism |
| the practice of judging a culture by its own standards; requires openess to another's cultures and put aside any cultural standards we have known all our lives | Cultural relativism |
| identified dozens of cultural universals | Murdock |
Created by:
uali1994