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If your not sure what answer should be entered, press the space bar and the next missing letter will be displayed. When you are all done, you should look back over all your answers and review the ones in red. These ones in red are the ones which you needed help on. Question: 18 Answer: Psychosocial in Late Adulthood Question: according to Erikson, 8th and final stage of development, people in late adulthood achieve a sense of integrity of self by accepting the lives they have lived and accept death or yield to despair that their lives cannot be relived Answer: ego integrity despair Question: According to Erikson, what is the virtue that solves ego versus despair? Answer: Question: What is a psychosocial of wisdom? Answer: Accepting the life one lives, without major regrets, without dwelling on should-have-dones or might-have-beens, accepting imperfection in the self, parents, children, life Question: What are 3 ways to stability or change in personality traits in late adulthood? Answer: Average levels within a population, within , rank-order comparisons Question: Discuss Erikson’s of ego integrity versus despair. Answer: Older adults need to evaluate and accept their so they can accept death Question: What did mean by wisdom? Answer: Can't live with major regrets, have to accept in the self and everyone else Question: research about stability of personality. Answer: Some studies find increase in positive and decrease in emotions, some studies found no change Question: How does of personality effect emotionality and well being in old age? Answer: Personality is strong predictor of emotionality, emotions decrease with age, positive emotions increase with age, people with neurotic personalities report more negative emotions Question: Does change in old age? Answer: Some studies say yes, some studies say no, some studies say emotions increase in negative emotions decrease Question: What special and issues do older people face? Answer: Coping with being at the end of their life span, and accepting their lives, accepting death, yielding to despair that their lives cannot be relived Question: adaptive thinking or behavior aimed at reducing or relieving stress that arises from harmful, or challenging conditions Answer: coping Question: What are the 2 theoretical to the study of coping? Answer: Adaptive defenses, cognitive-appraisal Question: model of coping, proposed by Lazarus and Folkman, which holds that, on the basis of continuous appraisal of their relationship with the environment, people appropriate coping strategies to deal with situations that tax their normal resources Answer: cognitive-appraisal Question: in the cognitive-appraisal model, coping strategy directed toward eliminating, managing or a stressful situation (used when a person sees a realistic chance of changing the situation) Answer: problem-focused Question: in cognitive-appraisal model, coping strategy directed toward managing emotional response to stressful situation so as to lessen physical or psychological impact (used when person concludes there is little or nothing that can be done situation) Answer: -focused coping Question: model of coping where people consciously choose coping strategies on the of the way they perceive and analyze a situation, includes anything an individual thinks or does to try to adapt to stress Answer: cognitive-appraisal Question: According to the cognitive appraisal , what are the 2 types of coping strategies? Answer: -focused coping, a motion-focused coping Question: What are the 2 of emotion focused coping? Describe each. Answer: Proactive-confronting or expressing one's emotions or seeking social support; -avoidance, denial, suppression of emotions or acceptance of the situation as it is Question: a loss that is not defined or does not bring closure Answer: ambiguous Question: What are 3 of the adaptive mechanisms identified by ? How do they work? Answer: Problem-focused coping-action strategies, person changes situation; proactive emotion-focused coping-change emotions strategy, person confronts own emotions; passive emotion-focused coping- change emotions , person avoids or denies emotions Question: What is the cognitive-appraisal model of ? Answer: People consciously choose coping strategies on the basis of the way they perceive and analyze a situation, anything a does to adapt to stress Question: What is the between age and choice of coping strategies? Answer: adults-more emotion focused coping, it younger adults-more problem focused coping Question: How do and spirituality relate to mortality risk, health and well-being in late life? Answer: People that are more religious and go to regularly tend to die later and have better health and well-being Question: What is meant by successful or aging? Answer: 1) avoidance of disease or disease-related disability, 2) of high physical and cognitive functioning, 3) sustained, active engagement in social and productive activities which aids in mental health Question: Why is the of successful or optimal aging controversial? Answer: Can burden older adults to meet standards they cannot or do not want to meet, does not pay to constraints that may limit lifestyle choices, turns older adults and 2 victims, demeans old age, denying importance of accepting what cannot be changed Question: theory of , proposed by Cumming and Henry, which holds that successful aging is characterized by mutual withdrawal of the older person in society Answer: disengagement Question: theory of aging, proposed by Neugarten and others, which holds that in order to age successfully a person must remain as active as Answer: theory Question: theory of aging, described by Atchley, which that in order to age successfully people must maintain a balance of continuity and change in both the internal and external structures of their lives Answer: continuity Question: Compare the disengagement theory, activity theory and theory. Answer: Disengagement-older person that withdrawals from society is happiest; activity-older person that as active as possible is happiest; continuity-activity is important for continuation of lifestyle, the balance is disengagement and activity theories Question: What is the of productivity in late adulthood? Answer: Any type of regular activity that expresses or enhances some of the self can contribute to successful aging Question: enhancing overall cognitive by using stronger abilities to compensate for those that have weakened Answer: optimization with compensation (SOC) Question: How does optimization with compensation help older adults deal with losses? Answer: They can use what abilities they have left to perfect what they want and not on their weaker abilities, focus their efforts on meaningful activities Question: What strategies and contribute to older adults’ well being and mental health? Answer: Adaptive defenses, problem focused coping, and motion focused coping, disengagement theory, activity , continuity theory, selective optimization with compensation Question: pattern of retirement activity that revolves around family, home and Answer: family-focused Question: pattern of retirement allocated among family, work and leisure Answer: investment Question: leisure activity requiring skill, and commitment Answer: leisure Question: What are current trends in late-life work and ? Answer: Most people who can retire due, some older adults are working even when they can retire because they enjoy their job, tend to be better educated and in better health Question: What are findings on the relationship between and work attitudes and skills? Answer: Older adults who continue working typically like their work and do not find it stressful, older workers tend to do better than younger, more capable port, can use more mature judgment and Question: How can affect well-being? Answer: People who did not enjoy work tend to get symptoms after retirement, people who are invested in serious leisure tend to be most satisfied, family focused lifestyle/balanced investment tend to have high satisfaction Question: What are 3 lifestyle patterns after retirement? Answer: Family-focused , balanced investment, serious leisure Question: What is the economic status of older ? Answer: Lowest poverty rates of any age , rely on income, earnings, pension, Social Security Question: What are issues concerning social security and pension ? Answer: With more retiring and proportionally fewer workers to contribute to Social Security, benefits will decline but timing and severity are unknown Question: remaining in one's own home, with or assistance, in later life Answer: in place Question: What are the various kinds of living arrangements for older adults? What is relative prevalence? Answer: Aging in place-people that are married, living -women more likely, living with adult children-can be hard on family, living in institutions-becoming more common Question: What are the advantages and of aging in place? Answer: , home can be adapted Question: What are the and disadvantages of living alone? Answer: , independent Question: What are the advantages and disadvantages of with adult children? Answer: Can burden family, more close, proximity to caregivers Question: What are the advantages and of living in institutions? Answer: Adjusted to persons individual needs, or dependent, constantly near care Question: How do older handle work and retirement decisions? Answer: Most to can retire due, some will work because they like Question: How do older handle financial resources? Answer: Least likely to be in , use Social Security, assets, earnings, pensions Question: How do adults handle living arrangements? Answer: Age in place and with spouse as long as possible, can live alone/move in with adult children/into institutions, based on and care giving needs Question: aging maintain their level of social support by identifying the members of their social network who can help them and avoiding those who are not supported Answer: convoy theory Question: as remaining time become , older adults choose to spend time with people and in activities that meet immediate emotional needs Answer: selectivity theory Question: How does contact change in late life? Answer: As they age they spend less time with , have fewer friends but are extremely close in the relationships Question: What are theoretical explanations of the in social contact? Answer: Social convoy theory-keeping with supportive people, socioemotional selectivity theory-spend time with people that meet emotional needs Question: What is the importance of positive social and social support? Answer: Help life satisfaction with the stress and trauma Question: What is the evidence for the relationship between interaction and health? Answer: Close social improves overall health Question: What are concerning the new multigenerational family? Answer: See more chronic illness, and emotionally draining, cultural issues (individuality/autonomy), different types of living sharpshooters Question: How do relationships change in old age? Answer: Spend less time with others and have fewer friends but are extremely close in the few relationships Question: What is the of personal relationships on well-being in old age? Answer: Important for mental/physical health, maintain life Question: Compare marital in middle and late adulthood. Answer: More satisfying in late than middle adulthood Question: What are gender differences in the prevalence of ? Answer: Where men are far more to be widows then men Question: Why is in late life rare? Answer: Learn to better resolve conflicts, higher satisfaction Question: Why is beneficial in late adulthood? Answer: Societal benefits-older remarried people are less likely to need help from the Question: What are the of long-term marriages in late life? Answer: Higher marital satisfaction, work out better Question: What impact do , divorce and remarriage have in late life? Answer: Widowhood-depressing; divorce-rare, upsetting; remarriage-men more than women, societal benefits Question: What are the differences between never married and previously singles in late life? Answer: Never married are better adjusted than previously married Question: Why might older women who are cohabitating be at a ? Answer: more likely to have no health insurance, lower incomes, less likely to own home, less religious, less friends and living nearby Question: What are the of gay and lesbian relationships in late life? Answer: Strong, , diverse, children (from previous marriage or adopted), substitute for traditional family, close relationship Question: What are the problems of gay and relationships in late life? Answer: Strained relationship with , discrimination in nursing home and elsewhere, lack of medical or social service and support, partner dies-dealing with healthcare providers, bereavement/inheritance issue, lack of partners social security benefit Question: What are special characteristics of in old age? Answer: Healthier and happier, live longer, element of choice that may be slipping away, intimacy, around pleasure and leisure, immediate enjoyment, fictive kin Question: How do older adults and those in cohabitating and gay and lesbian relationships fare? Answer: Unmarried do better than widows, cohabitating at large , gay/lesbian have strong relationship but face societal issues Question: How does change in old age? Answer: Healthier and happier, immediate , based on pleasure, fictive kin Question: How can contact and mutual aid parents and grown children change during late adulthood? Answer: Parent and child get along well, especially mother-daughter , children provide care giving, sometimes older adults provide financial support Question: How can affect older people? Answer: Influenced by gender and person's feelings about being childless, wanted to have children but didn't-depressed/lonely, didn't want to have -not affected Question: What is the importance of sibling in late life? Answer: Very important, social , provide help is needed, take care of each other, grieve at loss of sibling Question: What are values that great-grandparents find in role? Answer: Personal and family renewal, source of , mark of longevity Question: How do adults get along with, or without, grown children? Answer: With-get along well, child becomes , parent can still provide financial support; without-no effect unless they were wanting a child and didn't have it, can feel lonely/depressed Question: How do older adults get with siblings? Answer: Very important, support network, generally get well, sibling rivalry goes away with time Question: How do older adjust to great-grandparenthood? Answer: Most enjoy the Question: What is Erikson's 8th stage of development? Answer: Ego versus despair, acceptance of one's life and impending death Question: According to , what is the virtue that solves ego integrity versus despair? Answer: Question: Why did Erikson say about in late adulthood? Answer: Must maintain a vital involvement in Question: What happens to personality in late adulthood? Answer: Remain fairly stable depending on how they are Question: What has happened rigidness in late compared to previous cohorts? Answer: Older in recent cohorts seem to be less rigid in personality than previous cohorts Question: What happens to emotionality in old age? What can this pattern? Answer: Emotionality becomes more , less negative; personality traits modify pattern Question: What did Valliant signed predict psychosocial adjustment in late life? Answer: Use of adaptive defenses Question: According to research on the cognitive-appraisal model, what type of coping is preferred in younger adults versus older ? Answer: All adults prefer problem-focused , older adults do more in motion-focused coping than younger adults when the situation calls for it Question: What is the most source of emotion-focused coping for older adults? Answer: Religion Question: What is an important new area of for her late adulthood? Answer: of religion/spirituality on health/longevity/well-being Question: What does the concept of or optimal aging reflect? Answer: number of healthy, vital older adults Question: What is the over the concept of successful or optimal aging? Answer: How to define it, how to measure it, validity of the Question: What are the 2 contrasting models of successful or optimal aging? Answer: Disengagement theory and activity Question: What is the of the disengagement theory? Answer: How little support, findings on activity are mixed Question: What are the of the disengagement theory? Answer: Activity theory which includes theory, emphasis on productive activity Question: What do and his colleagues suggest that successful aging in the psychosocial and cognitive realm depend on? Answer: Selective optimization with Question: Describe how retirement is often a phased . Answer: Older adults continue to work for pay, most , many retired people start new careers, do part-time paid work or volunteer work Question: What are older adults working ? Answer: Satisfied, more productive than younger, positive and negative effect on job performance, individual differences more significant than age Question: What can retirement more out? Answer: Personal, economic, resources Question: What are lifestyle patterns after retirement? Answer: Family-focused lifestyle, balanced , serious leisure Question: What is the poverty of older Americans? Answer: Financial situation improved, fewer live in poverty, women/Hispanic Americans/African-Americans are most to be poor Question: Where do most elderly adults live in developed ? In developing countries? Answer: Developed-with spouse or live alone, developing-with or grandchildren Question: Where do most older adults in industrialized nations prefer to age? Why can this? Answer: Age in place, can remain if they can on spouse for support or someone else for help Question: Who is most likely to live alone in late ? Answer: Older women more likely than men Question: do older adults in developed countries typically NOT want to live? Answer: Do not expect to live with adult children, do not wish to live with children Question: What amount of lives in institutions? Answer: countries-dairies, developing countries-rare, United States-4.5% are institutionalized, proportion increases with age Question: Who is most to be institutionalized? Answer: women, older adults who live alone, do not take part in social activity, have poor health, have disabilities, those whose informal caregivers are overburdened Question: What are fast-growing to institutionalization? Answer: -living facilities, other types of group housing Question: relationships for older people. Answer: Important, frequency of social declines in old age Question: Contrast the convoy theory and the socioemotional selectivity theory. Answer: convoy theory-reduction and social contact do not impair well-being, stable inner circle of social support is maintained; socioemotional selectivity theory-older people choose to spend time with people who enhance their emotional well-being Question: What is interaction associated with? Answer: Good health, life Question: What is a risk factor for ? Answer: Question: marriages in late life. Answer: More potential longevity of , more men married than women, relatively satisfying Question: Describe the winnowing and remarrying in late . Answer: tend to outlive husbands, less likely to marry again; growing proportion of men are widowed Question: Describe divorce and remarriage in late . Answer: Divorce on common among older people, most adults who have been divorced or remarried, remarriages more relaxed in late life Question: Who is the likely to be lonely in late adulthood? Answer: Never married Question: What is happening to rates of older adults? Answer: Increasing Question: Why are gays and adapting with relative ease? Answer: Influenced by -out status Question: What is the of an older adult having close friends? Answer: Healthier and Question: Contrast the support of friends and . Answer: more time with friends, family is main source of emotional and practical support Question: What happens to older parent and adult child ? Answer: Frequently see or contact each other, concerned about each , offer each other assistance Question: What do older parents play for children? Answer: Caregivers for children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren Question: How does childlessness late adulthood? Answer: Does not seem to be an disadvantage Question: sibling relationships in late adulthood. Answer: Offer each other emotional support, more tangible support, sisters maintain sibling ties Question: What role does the grandparent play in a child's life? Answer: Less involved than grandparent, most find role fulfilling |
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