Specific Immunity Word Scramble
|
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Question | Answer |
What is an antigen? | A chemical/molecule capable of stimulating the immune response |
What makes a good antigen? | proteins (large molecules that don’t change shape) |
What is an epitope or antigenic determinant? | specific regions of an antigen that stimulate their response |
What is a hapten? | small molecule that is antigenic because it is attached to an antigen |
What are the main characteristics of the specific immune response? | acquired, develops over time; specialized; diverse; has memory capabilities; prevents infection; discriminatory between self/non-self; self-limited |
How does specific immunity differ from the non-specific immune response? | response is antigen dependent, there is a lag time between exposure and maximal response, antigen specific, exposure results in immunologic memory |
How do lymphocytes recognize antigens? | membrane antigen receptors |
What is the difference between T and B cell receptors? | T cells antigen receptor is composed of two chains; B cell antigen receptor is composed of four chains |
How are we born with the capability of responding to every antigen in the universe? | billions of different antigen receptors are created by gene rearrangement and point mutations during development |
Why don’t we form antibodies to our own antigens? | we have developed tolerance to them |
What is the difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity? | humoral-uses antibodies; cell mediated immunity-no antibodies |
What cells are responsible for each? | humoral-B cells; cell mediated immunity-T cells |
What is the Major Histocompatibility Complex? | a cluster of genes, located on each copy of chromosome 6 in humans, that codes for membrane-bound glycoproteins called major histocompatibility antigens |
What cells produce MHC I proteins? | all nucleated cells |
What cells produce MHC II proteins? | macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells |
Which lymphocytes respond to MHC I proteins? | cytotoxic T cells |
Which cells respond to MHC II proteins? | CD4 helper T cells |
What is the difference between TH1 and TH2 CD4 cells? | TH1-produce cytokines that stimulate macrophages to kill intracellular organisms, stimulate CD8 cells; TH2-stimulate B cells to become plasma cells to produce antibodies |
Which cell is responsible for an inflammatory response? | TH1 CD4 cells |
Which cell is responsible for stimulating B cells to form antibodies? | TH2 CD4 cells |
Explain why parasite infections increase a person’s chance of having the more dangerous lepromatous form of leprosy. | Lepromatous leprosy initiates a TH2 response (antibody response) that is ineffective against parasites |
What causes the tubercles that we see with infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis? | macrophages fused together surrounded by TH1 cells stimulated by cytokines |
What causes the lesions called gummas seen in tertiary syphilis? | caused by the body trying to rid itself of the spirochete |
Would antibiotics be helpful in treating gummas? | yes |
What is a superantigen? | antigens that don’t have to be processed (phagocytized) by an antigen presenting cell to be recognized by a CD4 cell |
What do superantigens do to a host? | results in systemic toxicity and suppression of normal, specific, adaptive response |
Give some examples of organisms that can produce superantigens. | Staphylococcus & Mycoplasma |
What is an antibody? | protein made against antigen |
In which portion of the blood are antibodies found? | gamma globulin portion of blood |
What is the role of IgA? | neutralization and agglutination |
What is the role of IgE? | triggers release of antiparasitic molecules and histamines |
What is the role of IgM? | complement activation, neutralization, agglutination |
What is the role of IgG? | complement activation, neutralization, opsonization, production of hydrogen peroxide, agglutination, ADCC, crosses placenta to protect fetus |
Which is found in the greatest amounts in the plasma? | IgG |
Which is the largest antibody? | IgM |
Which one can’t cross the placenta? | IgM |
Describe the sequence of events that lead to antibody production. | Macrophage engulfs/digests antigen; Macrophage presents antigen & MHC II on its membrane; CD4 cell reads it and responds as a TH2 cell; TH2 cell stimulates B cells to become plasma cells and secrete antibodies |
What role do macrophages and T helper cells play? | Macrophages engulf/digest antigens and present them the antigens; T helper cells (CD4 cells) read the antigens and respond |
What is a plasma cell? | type of white blood cell that produces antibodies |
Name 5 ways antibodies protect a host from foreign antigens. | neutralize toxins, prevent virus attachment to host cells, fix complement (cell lysis), opsonization (coding), begin destruction of NK cells, catalyze production of hydrogen peroxide |
What is immunologic memory? | the capacity of the body’s immune system to remember an encounter with an antigen due to the activation of B or T cells having specificity for the antigen and to react more swiftly to the antigen by means of these activated cells in a later encounter |
Which antibody is responsible for the secondary antibody response? | IgG |
What is antigenic variation? | antigens have the ability to change through mutations |
What is antigenic variation’s effect on the immune response? | Memory T & B cells cannot recognize new antigenic type; delays response |
Explain naturally acquired active immunity. | occurs naturally by living; responds by continually making antibodies |
Explain naturally acquired passive immunity. | mother transfers her antibodies to fetus across placenta or to infant in milk |
Explain artificially acquired passive immunity. | gamma globulin (antiserum); comes from people or animals that have had the disease; immediate protection (last only about 3 weeks) |
Explain artificially acquired active immunity. | vaccination |
What is a vaccine? | suspension of organisms or parts of organisms used to induce artificially acquired, active immunity |
What is the purpose of vaccination? | to develop immunity and to hopefully eradicate diseases; herd immunity |
What is herd immunity? | occurs when the vaccination of a significant portion of a population (herd) provides a measure of protection for individuals who have not developed immunity |
What is seroconversion? | the development of detectable specific antibodies to microorganisms in the blood serum as a result of infection or immunization |
What is a titer? | the highest dilution of blood serum giving a positive reaction during titration |
How does one get infected with the polio virus? | fecal-oral route |
What are the symptoms of polio? | most people have no symptoms; flu-like symptoms; paralysis |
What is the difference between the Salk and Sabin vaccine? | Salk-inactivated, kill vaccine, injected, need boosters, stable (can’t cause disease); Sabin-live, attenuated vaccine, oral vaccine, no boosters, unstable (can cause disease) |
Which is used in the United States? Why? | The Salk vaccine because it can’t cause the disease and we have the means to store it properly and have clean needles |
What are monoclonal antibodies? | antibodies that are the same because they are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of myeloma cells |
What kind of cells produces monoclonal antibodies? | myeloma cells (cancerous cells) |
Why are these cells immortal? | because immortal cancerous cells are combined with normal B cells |
Why are monoclonal antibodies so useful? | because they live indefinitely and produce large amounts of very specific, uniform antibodies |
How are monoclonal antibodies being used? | treat tumors, blood typing, identify Chlamydia & Streptococcus, pregnancy tests, prevent transplanted tissues rejection, antibodies for passive immunization |
Created by:
slarmentrout
Popular Science sets