| Glossary Term |
Defenition |
| Coup d’etat | the sudden overthrow of a government through unconstitutional means by a part of the state establishment, which mostly replaces just the top power figures. |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | first emperor of France from 1804 to 1815. Won many battles but lost two major ones: Russia and Waterloo. Created Code Napoleonic as well as the Banque de France. A military genius, exiled twice and died on St. Helena |
| First Consul | Position given to Napoleon by the Consulate (replaced the directory after the Coup d’état), and with the Constitution of 1799 made him First Consul, banned elections and basically handed him power over France. |
| Concordat with Pope Pius VII, 1801 | Agreement between Napoleon and the Pope giving France complete power over the Church in France (election of ppl and control land) in exchange for Catholicism being established as the major religion in France and paying their salaries |
| Bank of France | Bank created by Napoleon gave the state full control over the money handlings of the nation, simplified loans from the state and brought back gold currency |
| Reorganization of France into Departments | Napoleon reorganized the country into smaller Departments under the control of Prefects and directly under French law instead of that of the Department, uniting France under one law system and one ruler. |
| Coronation of Napoleon, 1804 | Napoleon invited the Pope, but crowned himself, showing his “invincibility”, crowned Josephine also. |
| Arc de Triomphe | A construction glorifying all the French military victories throught time. |
| Napoleonic Code | Is a law system that he instated and is still used in France today. It made schooling manadatory for boys in the city and made religious and house keeping studies mandatory for women. Men had power, few Women Rights |
| Dominique-Jean Larrey | Was a field surgeon for Napoleon was awarded the Legion of Honour for his amputations and surgeries performed on the battle fields |
| Madame de Stael | Daughter of Louis XVI’s finance minister: Jacques Necker, was an expatriate and wrote works against Napoleon and society |
| Francois-Rene Chateaubriand | defended Christianity, but still preferred monarchy to Bonapartism but praised him for saving France from the “abyss”. |
| The Grand Army | In two years years he drafed 1.3 million men, and 1 million more from 1813-1814, his main strategy was defeat by number and the crush enemy, but tactic too. |
| Battle of Marengo, Battle of Hohenlinden | Were both French victories for Napoleon |
| Hundred Days | The period in 1815 when Napoleon returned from exile, summoned an army and supporters, took over the crown and went to War at Waterloo. |
| Battle of Waterloo | Prussia with Belgian, Dutch, German and British troops attempted and succeeded in defeating Napoleon, he was exiled to St. Helena. |
| St. Helena | The Island where Napoleon was exiled and, poisoned and died. |
| Congress of Vienna | Settled boundaries for European States and who would rule them, established international relations build on periodic meeting and congress between major powers *(convert of Europe) also known as the Restoration |
| Klemens von Metternich | Chief negogiator for Austria, took lead, worked w/ British PM (Casltereagh) that would ensure that France would be kept controlled and still powerfull. |
| Robert Castlereagh | British PM , wanted Britain to govern the Congress but knew it could not because of the differences of his King and those on the mainland Europe. He wanted France to help Austria and Britain to couter Russia and Prussia |
| Charles Maurice de Talleyrand | Formerly a Bishop, he embrassed the revoltuion, served as Napoleon’s forgegin minister and was representing France in Vienna. Helped overthrow Napoleon and worked under Louis XVIII, Managed to retain French Great Power status |
| Holy Alliance | Called upon divine assistance to uphold religion, peace and justice. Prussia, Russia and Austria all signed, England refused. Divine was replaced by treaty signings |
| Conservatism | Rejected French revolution and Enlightenment, belieed in monarchies vs. Republics, traditions vs. rev., religion vs. skepticism: pro life, anti divorce followed French Rev. accepts change gradually. |
| Edmund Burke | Founder of Conservatism |
| Ultraroyalists | Now a days called Legitimists wanted to restore the Ancien Regime |
| Wesleyans or Methodists | Preaches a very emotional, austere and personal “method” op gaining salvation (John Wesley), gradually left Anglican Church in the 19th C formed its own Church |
| Religious revivalism | The revival of faith in God and return to the old ways Holy Alliance, Poland went from Protestant to Roman Catholic |
| Industrial Revolution | Began in Britain in late 18th C because they were the only country not ravaged by Napoleon. Created the factory, people moved into city from country |
| Peterloo | The massacre of ludites pretesting in St. Peters field, 400 injured and 11 dead |
| Six Acts | Made radical meetings into treason |
| Luddites | Were weavers from England who pretestred in fear of being replaced by machines, burent mills and destroyed machines |
| John Locke | was an influential English philosopher. In epistemology, Locke has often been classified as a British Empiricist, along with David Hume and George Berkeley. He is equally important as a social contract theory |
| Jeremy Bentham | Father of utilitarianism, greatest good for greatest # of ppl |
| Socialists | More extreme liberals, benefited all, industrial rev. was bad, Private property was bad too, were origin of trade unions and emancipation of women |
| Utopian socialists | Self sustained villages where everyone lived together and help each other |
| Robert Owen | Founder of socialism |
| Claude Henry de Saint-Simon | State governed by scientist, not politicians, supported socialism |
| Charles Fourier | Utopian Socialism founder |
| Romanticism | Glorified nature, emotions, genius and imagination. Melancholy isolation. Grew from roman influences but was difference because it praised all things fevered, wild and disorderly |
| Lord Byron | Romantic poet, supported Greek independence |
| Greek independence | Gained in 1828 with the help of French, Russian and Englsih forces, kicked out the ottoman Empire and was formerly established in 1830 by a multipower treaty. |
| Alexander Ypsilanti | Greek military commander for Greek independence. |
| Willaim Wordsworth | Poet, supported French rev. |
| Mary Shelley | Writter of Frankenstein, the first modern novel |
| Johann Wolfgang von Geothe | Great German writer denounced extreme romanticism |
| Faust | From Goethe, warned some dangers as Shelley’s novel. |
| Caspar David Friedrich | Hated new modern world paintings, often religious and far from anything modern |
| Sale of Louisiana | As Napoleon withdrew from the America’s due to revolts in St. Dominigue, he sold Louisiane to the USA in 1803 for 2 million pounds |
| Battle of Trafalgar | Allied with Spain, France attempted to defeat the British navy, but failed, France lost many men and ships and |
| Battle of Ulm | Napoleon captured 25.000 Austrian men in response to them refusing to claim nutrality in the Franco-British conflict |
| Battle of Austerlitz | Considered his greatest vattle, he defeated both Russia and Austria in 1805 |
| Battle of Jena | A Franco-Prussian face off, where Napoleon easily crushed the Prussian forces in 1806, it lasted to hours, Prussia had 25.000 casualties and Napoleon had 5.000 |
| Battle of Auerstadt | A side battle were France’s back up troops at Jena encountered Prussian troops and were again, easily defeated. |
| Battle of Friedland | Defeat of the Russians, and ended the Fourth Coalition, and resulted in the Treaty of Tilsit |
| Treaty of Tilsit | Turend Prussia’s land east of the Elbe river into the Kingdom of Westphalia |
| Alexandre I | Tsar of Russia (1801-1825), negotiations with Napoleon resulted in humiliation of Prussia |
| Satellite Kingdoms | Kingdoms not ruled directly by Napoleon but with the same law system and officially allied. |
| Confederation of the Rhine | Anexation of most of the German States, included all but Prussia and Austria |
| Carbonari | A network of secret society’s opposing the French, they got their name by marking their foreheads with charcoal |
| Invasion of Russia, 1812 | With 600.000 men and 250.000 horses he invaded Russia, Italians, Poles, Swiss, Dutch and Germans. Russian troops retreated inland, France followed, but the Russians burnt everything behind them-Scotched earth |
| Battle of Borodino | In fall 1802 Napoleon engaged in battle. France lost 30.000 men and Russia lost 45.000 men. Russians burned Moscow to the ground so the army could not survive, only 1/6th survived the campaign |
| Battle of Nations | Oujtside Leipzig, Russia, Prussia, Britain, Austria and Sweden teamed agained France, thanks to British financing they won |
| Island of Elba | Napoleon abdicated and March 1814 after German allies left him and his men refused to fight. There he controlled 1.000 men under no curcumstance could they fight, his wife refused to go and he was under British captivity |
| Louis XVIII | Enlightened Despot, he was a good King but failed solid base support. He was under a constitution but cought between returning emigres demands, he fled to England he Napoleon returned |
| Revolt in Belgium, 1840 in Belgium, 1840 | Difference in language and religion from Dutch and Belgians, riots formed and Netherlands could not do anything and no other powers wanted to help. In an agreement to become independent, had to stay neutral |
| George IV | Tried to divorce his wife and refused to have her crowned Queen. She died a few month after and monarchy survived. |
| Sir Robert Peel | Reformed, revised penal code and prisons, introduced Bobbe’s (named after him) and restricted strikes. |
| Whigs | Liberal reformers |
| Ideology | A coherent set of beliefs (conservative, liberal and social) about the way social and political order should be organized, creat4d during French rev. |
| Liberalism | Based on Locke’s ideals, was open and supported enlightenment but condemned French rev. for its violence and favored by the middle class |
| Nationalism | Renewed sense of pride in one’s country. Was greatly feared by monarchs because they were afraid they could loose control over the different parts of their Kingdoms, Austria is a great example. |
| Restoration | The name given to the period of the Concert of Europe where most Monarchies, territories and countries were returned to how they were divided pre-Napoleon era. |
| Working Class | A newly developed term which consisted of the lower class. Usually made up of the factory workers they were the ones that high society depended on for their luxuries. Falling victim to the poor conditions and health these people did not live a long life |
| Joseph Fouche | Napoleon’s minister of police |
| Neoclassical/Neo-classicism | is a severe and unemotional form of art going back to the grandeur of ancient Greece and Rome. Its rigidity was a reaction to the overbred Rococo style and the emotional charged Baroque style. |
| Josephine | Napoleon’s first wife, whom he truly loved but soon divorced because of her infertility |
| Legion of Honour | The order was the first modern order of merit. The orders of the monarchy were often limited to Catholics and all knights had to be noblemen. The military decorations were the perk of the officers. The légion, however, was open to men, skill coutned |
| Frederick Willaim III | Granted freedom to Belgium under constitutional monarchy as long as it remained neutral, king of Prussia, from 1797-1840 |
| George Stephenson | was an English mechanical engineer who designed the famous and historically important steam locomotive named Rocket and is known as the "Father of Railways". |
| Otto I | First King of modern Greece |
| Joseph M. W. Turner | was an English Romantic landscape painter and watercolorist, whose style can be said to have laid the foundation for Impressionism. His paintings often depict the struggle between industrialization and nature |
| Eugene Delacroix | Romantic painter, painted “Liberty Leading the People” |
| Ludwig van Beethoven | Most famously the Sixth and Ninth symphony |
| Sir Walter Scott | Translated Goethe into English and wrote nationalist papers |
| Ferdinand VII | Regained Spanish Crown and restored pre-revolutionist powers as well as surprised many freedoms the people had gained |
| Spanish Revolts 1820 | People wanted a constitution, but in 1823 France invaded and restored absolute powers to the kKing. |
| Intalian Rebellions 1821 | People demanded a constitution and independence from Austria, but Metternich succeeded in surpresing them |
| Decembrist Revolt 1825 | Some of the Czars men wanted not swear allegiance to Alexander I not Nicolas I and refused to swear him their allegiance, this caused the revolt. They were quickly surprised by Nicolas’s supporters. |
| Treaty of Adrianople | Concluded Russo-Turking war, granting Greece autonomy. |
| Nicholas I | Alexander’s brother, was awarded the throne when Constantine refused it. |
| Simon Bolivar | Led to Latin American wars of independence and freed much of South American from Spain |
| Monroe Doctrine | Announced that USA was against European Colonization |
| French Revolution of 1830 | Oustpeaking against Charles X and gives crown to Louis-Philippe. Firmly establishes France as a constitutional Monarchy.Charles X |
| Charles X | Dissolves legislature, compensates Nobles for lost lands in revolution of 1789 and basically returned to the Ancien Regime |
| Treaty of Amiens | A treaty between France and England that brought peace back to Europe. |
| Law of Indemnity` | Compensated nobles for their lost money and lands from the French Revolution |
| Laws of Sacrilege | Gave death penalty to anybody who stole from the Church |
| Louis-Philippe | Was the King replacing Charles X, was a constitutional monarchy and was a King of the People. |
| Lycees | French “High School” introduced for boys from the city oinly and gave them a higher level of education. Was introduced at the time of Napoleon I |
| Burschenschaften | German student fraternities based on liberal and patriotic ideas. Often led rebellions but were surpressed by Metternich’s Carlsbad Devree which restricted student fraternities. |
| New Paternalism | Idea that influence of alchohol should be reduced, often known as prohibition in the USA |
| Utilitarianism | Miximization of happiness, pleasure or preference satisfaction |
| Duke of Wellington | Duke who led the battle at Waterloo and beat Napoleon which brought to his demise. |
