Embalming Qtr. 2 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
The major pipes of the circulatory system that carry blood away from the heart | Arteries |
The small branches off the arterioles | Capillaries |
The large vessels that carry blood back to the heart | Veins |
The upper chambers of the heart | Atria (atrium) |
The lower chambers of the heart | Ventricles |
The center of venous drainage | The right atrium |
The inner layer of the heart | Endocardium |
The middle layer of the heart; toughest and thickest in the ventricles | Myocardium |
The outer layer of the heart | Epicardium |
The open space in the center of blood vessels | Lumen (Lumina) |
The inner covering of the vessels nearest the blood | Tunica Intima |
The middle layer of the blood vessels | Tunica Media |
The outer layer of the blood vessels | Tunica Adventitia |
The vessels of the vessels | Vasa Vasorum |
What structure is the center of fluid distribution? | The Aortic Arch |
*Base of the triangle: Inguinal Ligament *Medial Border: Abductor Longus *Lateral Border: Sartorius Muscle | Scarpa's Triangle "Femoral Triangle" |
What do you find in the femoral triangle? | NAVE *Femoral Nerve *Femoral Artery *Femoral Vein *Emptying of great saphonous vein |
What muscle is behind the NAVE? | Pectineus Muscle |
Anterior Border: Sartorius Muscle Medial Border: Adductor Longus Posterior Border: Adductor Magnus Lateral Border: Vastus Medialis | Hunter's Canal *NAV is in the center |
Superior Border: Inferior border of Thyroid Cartilage Medial Border: Trachea Lateral Border: Medial border of SCM | Carotid Triangle |
What are the criteria for selecting an artery? | Accessibility, Proximity to the arch, Size, Effect on posing the body |
Any surface, prominence, structure which is used for establishing the location of an adjacent structure or prominence | Anatomical Guide |
Points of origin & termination of a vessel expressed in relation to adjacent anatomical structures or prominences | Anatomical Limits |
An imaginary line drawn on the surface of the skin to represent the approx location of a deeper lying structure or prominence | Linear Guide |
A.G: Lateral border of Trachea & medial border of SCM L.G: Line drawn from sternoclavicular articulation to the earlobe | Common Carotid |
What is the anatomical limit for the right common carotid? | Begins at the point behind the sternoclavicular articulation and extends to the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage |
What is the anatomical limit for the left common carotid? | Begins at the level of the 2nd costal cartilage and extends to the superior border of the thyroid cartilage |
What is the accompanying vein to the common carotid? | Internal Jugular |
What are the advantages of the common carotid? | *Can inject the face directly, close to the arch *Only artery in the neck **have to be careful not to blow up the face |
AG: Just behind medial border of coracobrachialis muscle AL: Lateral border of 1st rib & extends to inferior border of teres major LG: Line drawn through center at base of axillary space & parallel to the long axis of the upper extremity when abducted | Axillary Artery *continuation of the subclavian in the armpit area |
What are advantages of the axillary? | *Close to arch *Less chance of blowing up the face *Good drainage from accompanying vein |
What are disadvantages of the axillary? | *Lots of branches *Don't want to use with a firming fluid |
AG: Posterior to medial border of the biceps brachii AL: Begins where inferior border of the teres major muscle is & extends to point just distal to antecubital fossa LG: Line drawn from center of base of axillary space to the center of forearm | Brachial Artery *continuation of axillary artery |
What is the accompanying vein for the brachial artery? | Basilic Vein |
AG: Just lateral to tendon of the flexor carpi radialis AL: extends from a point inferior of the antecubial fossa to the palm of the hand, thumb side LG: Base of antecubial fossa to index finger | Radial Artery *lateral branch of the bifurcation of brachial artery **most superficial vessel in wrist |
AG: Just lateral to tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris AL: Center of antecubital fossa to the index finger LG: Center of antecubital fossa to the 4th & 5th finger | Ulnar Artery *medial branch of the bifurcation of the brachial artery |
AL right: Begins where rt common carotid begins & extends to lateral border of 1st rib (comes off the brachiocephalic) AL left: begins at level of 2nd costal cartilage & extends to lateral border of 1st rib | Subclavian Artery |
What is the vessel that can be used in infants 1 year or less? | Abdominal Aorta |
*Bifurcation of abdominal aorta AG: Lies along the superior medial border of psoas major | Common Iliac |
AG: Along inferior medial border of psoas major AL: Begins opposite the sacroiliac synchondrosis & extends to central inguinal ligament LG: line drawn from superior-anterior iliac spine to pubic symphusis | External Iliac |
AG: Center of scarpas/femoral triangle AL: Begins in center of inguinal ligament & ends at opening of adductor magnus(adductor hiatus) LG: Line that begins at center of inguinal ligament to the center of medial condyle of femur | Femoral Artery |
AG: Back of the knee AL: Begins where femoral ends at the opening of the adductor magnus & ends at the popliteal muscle LG: Line drawn through the center of popliteal space parallel to the long axis of leg | Popliteal Artery *continuation of the femoral |
AG: Anterolateral edge of tibia AL: Begins where popliteal leaves off at inferior border of popliteus muscle & ends at the ankle joint LG: Lateral border of the patella to the anterior surface of ankle joint | Anterior Tibial Artery *anterior branch of the bifurcation of popliteal artery |
AG: Groove behind & below the medial malleolus & achilles tendon AL: Inferior border of popliteus tendon & ends beneath the origin of the abductor hallucis LG: Center of popliteal space & extends to the space btn. the medial malleolus & calcaneal tendo | Posterior Tibial Artery *posterior branchof the bifurcation of the popliteal artery |
AG: Groove between the tendons of the extensor hallucis longus muscle & extensor digitorum longus muscle LG:Center of the anterior surface of the ankle joint & extends to the space between the big toe & adjacent toe | Dorsalis Pedis Artery *continuation of the anterior tibial artery |
Blood vessel running collaterally to a more major vessel to another part of the major vessel *helps bypass clots & blockages in arteries | Anastomosis |
Name the factors you consider when selecting an artery | Age, Gender, Weight/Fat Distribution, Disfigurations, Disease, Mutilation, COD, Local Obstruction/Clots |
Inject & drain the whole body with one site only | 1 Site Injection |
Drain from a different location than where you are injecting | Split Injection |
2 or more complete injection & drainage sites | Multi-point (sectional) Injection |
Both common carotids are drained from the right internal jugular | Restricted Cervical |
Both carotids, both axillaries, & both femorals | 6 Point Injection |
Incision made at a right angle to the axis of the artery | Transverse |
Incision made parallel to the artery | Longitudinal |
Arrow-head shaped incision made with scissors | Wedge |
Incision that combines the transverse & longitudinal *useful for sclerotic arteries | T Shaped |
Incision that is oblique at a 45* angle; never cut through more than half the vessel | Diagonal |
How many pounds per foot of pressure does the gravity injector give? What causes the pressure? | .43 pounds of pressure per foot of elevation. Gravity causes the pressure. |
The force required to distribute embalming fluid throughout the body | Pressure |
Pressure indicated by the pressure gauge while the machine is running but not injecting | Potential Pressure |
Pressure indicated by the gauge when the arterial fluid is flowing into the body | Actual Pressure |
The difference between the potential and actual pressure | Differential |
Sutures made through subcutaneous tissue only, not the skin; back and forth stitch | Single Intradermal/Subcutaneous Suture (Hidden Stitch) |
Sutures the same as the single but there are needles on both ends of the ligature; criss-cross stitch like shoelaces | Double Intradermal/Subcutaneous Suture |
Suture that uses an S needle & the stitch is made from beneath, up through the skin, & crossed side to side | Baseball/Sail Stitch |
Suture that moves up and over passing the needle underneath the ligature to lock; creates a ridge | Lock/Half Stitch |
A temporary suture used on exposed areas, to anchor sutures around pins, and to assist in permanent closure by bringing & holding the lips of the incision together when sealer is used | Figure Eight |
Suture that is the same as the intradermal except it draws through the skin | Draw/Worm Stitch |
Suture that passes the ligature through both sides of the incision from the outside until closed | Whip/Continuous Glover Suture (Roll Stitch) |
Each stitch is tied and cut, normally used as a temporary stitch | Bridge/Interrupted Suture |
Describe characteristics of arteries | *Have no blood *Don't have valves *Usually deep in the tissue for protection *Cream colored with red hair-like vessels *Feel like thick rubber bands *Will stand open when cut |
Describe characteristics of veins | *Engorged with blood *Have valves *More superficial than arteries *Blue/Bluish-Gray *Thinner vessel than arteries *Collapse when cut |
What are intravascular factors that influence fluid resistance/injection pressure? | *Size of Vessels *Condition of Vessels *Local Congestion |
What are extravascular factors that influence fluid resistance/injection pressure? | *Weight of Viscera *Gas Collection in Viscera *Tumors *Ascites *Contact Pressure *COD *Post-mortem Interval |
Drainage that helps build pressure in the body to help push clots through | Restricted Drainage |
Amount/volume of embalming solution injected over a period of time | Rate of Flow |
The dilution of the concentrated arterial with water to form the arterial solution that is injected into the body; fully controlled by the embalmer | Primary Dilution |
Formalin is how much formaldehyde by weight & how much by volume? | 37% by weight 40% by volume |
The amount of formaldehyde gas measured in grams dissolved into 100 ml of water | Index |
The dilution of the already diluted fluid by fluids of the body; not under control of the embalmer | Secondary Dilution |
Secondary dilution can be increased or decreased how? | Can be increased by edema, has a higher preservative demand. Can be decreased by a dehydrated body. |
The movement of embalming solution from the point of injection throughout the arterial, capillary, & venous portions of the blood vascular system | Fluid Distribution |
Fluid passage through the capillary walls because of positive intravascular pressure | Pressure Filtration |
Movement of solvent from dilute to concentrated solution | Osmosis |
The separation of differing substances in solution because of their differing diffusability through semi-permeable membranes | Dialysis |
The extravascular pull of fluid by gravitational force | Gravity Filtration |
How many gallons of fluid do you inject for every 50 lbs of body weight? | 1 gallon per 50 lbs |
What are the signs of fluid distribution? | Distention of superficial vessels, Blood drainage, Reduction of lividity, Change in skin color, Mottling, Re-hydration, Desirable distention, Tissue fixation |
Which is the least reliable sign of fluid distribution? | Tissue Fixation |
Chemicals that inactivate saprophytic bacteria, render unsuitable for nutrition the media upon which such bacteria thrive, will arrest decomp by altering enzymes & lysins of the body as well as converting the decomposable tissues into a form much.... | less susceptible to decomp = Preservative |
Name the different types of preservative that can be in in arterial | Aldehydes, Alcohols, Phenol & Phenolic Compounds, Inorganic Salts |
Formaldehyde & Gluteraldehyde | Aldehydes |
Methyl, Isopropyl, & Ethyl | Alcohols |
Sodium Chloride, Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Sulfate, Potassium Nitrate, Metallic Salts | Inorganic Salts |
Formaldehyde, Gluteraldehyde, Phenol, QUATS (Zephiran Chloride & Roccal) | Germicides |
Chemicals which kill or render incapable of reproduction the disease causing organisms | Germicide |
Chemicals that retard the tendency of blood to become more viscous by natural PM processes or they prevent adverse reactions btn. blood & embalming chemicals | Anti-coagulants |
Sodium Citrate, Sodium Oxylate, Calcium Oxylate TDA (Tetrasodium Diacetic Acid) EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetracetic Acid) | Anti-coagulants |
Liquids which serve as the solvent for all the ingredients incorporated into embalming fluid ex: Water, Alcohol | Vehicle |
Chemicals which reduce the molecular cohesion of a liquid & thereby enable it to flow through smaller apertures | Surfactants aka: Wetting Agents, Surface Tension Reducers, Penetrating Agents, Surface Active Agents |
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, Sulfonates | Surfactants |
Substances which will upon being dissolved impart a definite color to the solvent | Dyes aka: Coloring Agent |
Eosine, Carmine, Ponceau Red, Erythrosine | Dyes |
Chemicals having the capability of displacing an unpleasant odor or of altering an unpleasant odor so that it is converted to a more pleasant one | Re-odorants/Deodorants |
Methyl Salicylate (Oil of Wintergreen), Oil of Cloves, Lemon Oil, Cherry Oil, Oil of Sassafras, Benzaldehyde | Re-odorants/Deodorants |
Chemicals that are used to supplement, balance, control, or complement the action of the arterial fluids | Modifying Agents (Modifiers) |
Chemicals which create an increased capability for embalmed tissues to retain their moisture | Humectants |
Glycerol, Sorbitol, Hexylene Glycol, Lanolin & other Oils, Aloe | Humectants |
Chemicals which affect or bring about a stabilization of the acid/base balance within embalming solutions or in embalmed tissues | Buffers (Buffering Agents) |
Borax/Boric Acid, Sodium Bicarbonate, Disodium Phosphate, Sodium Citrate, EDTA | Buffers |
Chemicals used to change hard water to soft water | Water Conditioning Agents aka: Water Conditioners/Softeners |
Sodium Citrate, Sodium Oxylate, EDTA | Water Conditioning Agents |
What are found in jaundice fluids? | *Low Index *Reducing Agents *Bleaching Agents *Counter-staining Dyes *Vehicle= Water |
Fluids designed to be injected into aspirated viscera | Cavity Fluids |
How are cavity fluids used? | Directly from the bottle, not diluted. Can be used in a pack or hypodermic injection. |
How many ounces of cavity fluid is to be used? | 32 oz total *16 in thoracic cavity *16 in abdominal cavity |
What preservatives are found in cavity fluids? | Formaldehyde, Gluteraldehyde, Phenol, Alcohols, Inorganic Salts |
What germicides are found in cavity fluids? | QUATS, Phenol, Gluteraldehyde |
What re-odorants are found in cavity fluid? | Benzaldehyde, Lemon Oil, Wintergreen Oil |
Fluids used/injected before the arterial | Pre-injection Fluids |
Fluids added to the arterial | Co-injection Fluids |
Contain powdered germicides, drying agents, and powdered preservatives *help preserve viscera in autopsy cases | Hardening Compounds |
What are the hardening agents found in hardening compounds? | Plaster of Paris, Ammonium Chloride |
What are the disinfectants found in hardening compounds? | Paraformaldehyde, Ammonium Chloride (Alum) |
What are the moisture absorbers found in hardening compounds? | Saw Dust, Clays, Powdered Chalk |
What are the fillers found in hardening compounds? | Perlite, Cellulose |
Fungicides & bactericides that are used in bodies that will be entombed | Mold Preventative Agents |
What are the chemicals used as mold preventative agents? | Paraformaldehyde, Paradichlorobenzene *mostly made up of paraformaldehyde |
Compounds that help prevent leakage, make a chemical barrier | Sealing Compounds aka: Sealing Agents, Sealers, Cauterizing Agents |
Used for topical embalming | Pack Applications |
Total amount of preservative with which protein will combine to be completely preserved | Fluid Demand |
What are the factors that affect the shelf life of formaldehyde? | *Temperature: avoid extremes *Time: no more than 2-4 years *pH: buffers help keep neutral *Light: bright, direct light= no no |
Created by:
sbarton
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