Unit 2 cvtc Word Scramble
|
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Question | Answer |
The cell | is the fundamental unit of any living organism because it exhibits the basic characteristics of life. |
The two catagories of cells: | Eucaryotic(more complex) and procaryotic |
Procaryotic microbes: | Bacteria and archaea (Cellular) |
Eucaryotes | algae, protozoa, fungi (Cellular) plant, animals, and humans. |
Microbes not composed of cells | viruses, prions, viroids |
Viruses | acellular: not living |
Cellular | procaryotes (archaea, bacteria, cyanobacteria) |
Acellular (energy from host) | viroids, prions, viruses |
Eurotic cells contain a ________ nucleus. | "true" |
procaryotic cells | do not have a true nucleus |
a true nucleus consists of: | nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and nuclear membrane. |
Eucaryotic cells possess: | a complex system of membranes and membrane bound organelles |
Procaryotic cells | do not possess a complex of membranes and membrane bound organelles |
eucaryotic and procaryotic cells possess | a cell membrane: selectiv permeability, allowing certain substances to pass through them. |
Eucaryotic nucleus | "command center" 3 components: nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and nuclear membrane. |
Chromosomes are embedded in: | the nucleopasm |
eucaryotic chromosomes consist of: | linear DNA molecules and proteins |
Genes are located | along chromosomes. |
An organism's complete collection of genes are referred to as its | genotype or genome (beads on a string) |
each gene contains | information to produce one or moree gene products (usually protein) |
A semi-fluid, gelatinous, nutrient matrix. Contains storage granules and a variety of organelles.Each organelle has a specific function. Is where most metobalic reactions occur | Cytoplasm |
ER | highly convoluted system of membranes, transport network,in the cytoplasm |
rough ER | has ribosomes attatched |
smooth ER | does not have ribosomes attatched to it |
Ribosomes | 18-20nm in diameter, consist of ribosomal RNA protein, site of protein synthesis, 30-70 bind then produce protein |
Plants, Algae, Fungi, and most bacteria | have a cell wall |
animal, protozoa, and mycoplasma species | do not have a cell wall |
Gram- Neg cell wall | LPS above surface,(phospholipid, outer membrane, protein) |
Acellular | Not composed of cells; Viroids prions; viruses |
Viruses | have a protein coat called capsid, 10-300nm diameter, complete particles are called virions. |
Infect humans, animals, plants, fungi protozoa, algae, and bacteria cell. | viruses |
Some viruses cause certain cancers | oncogenic or oncoviruses |
cause of AIDS; enveloped, single strand of RNA viruses primary targets are CD4and cells | HIV |
Prions | acellular; small infectious proteins that cause neurological disease such as mad cow. most resistant to disinfectants. mystery |
Viroids | are infectious RNA molecules that cause a variety of plant disease (potaoe spindle tuber, citrus exocortis) |
Microbial Classification by whitticure in 1969 | 5-Kingdom System of classification; Grouped into large group based on simularities and diffrences. (most widely used) |
Bacteria and archaea Microbial classification | Kingdom Procaryotae |
Algae and protozoa Microbial classifcation | Kingdom Protista |
Fungi Microbial classification | Kingdom Fungi |
Plants Microbial classification | Kindom Plantae |
Animals Microbial classification | Kingdom animalia |
Microbial Classification by carl woosey 1970's | 3 domain system of class: based on differences in structure of ribosomal RNA molecules among organisms. |
3 Domain syatem of classifications | Archaea (procaryotic) acient bacteria, Bacteria (procaryotic), Eucarya (all eucarotic organisms) |
Virulent bacteriophage; attatchment,penetration, uncoating viral nucleic acid escapes from capsid, biosynthesis,assembley to create complete virions, release complete virions | lytic cycle |
class & ID: cell morphology, stain reaction, motility, colony morphology,atmospheric req, nutritional req,enzymes produced, pathogenicity, genetic composition | Domain Bacteria Characteristics |
Domain bacteria characteristics | 3 major phenotypic catagories: gram-neg(cell wall), gram-pos (cell wall), those that lackcell wall (mycoplasmic) |
acellular antibiotics are not effective against viral infections, drugs that are used, interfere w/ virus-specific enzymes and production by disrupting phases in viral multiplication/ inhibiting synthesis of viral RNA/DNA or protein | antiviral agents |
escape from their host cells either by lysis of the cell or budding. | animal viruses |
escape by budding | become envelope viruses |
penetration of host cell by non-enveloped virus via endocytosis. Penetration by an enveloped virus | summary of lytic process |
phages, virus that infect bacteria, 2 catagories: virulent and temperate. | bacteriophages |
always cause lytic cycle which end with destruction of the cell | virulent |
attatchment,penetration, biosynthesis, assembly, released | 5 steps of the Lytic Cycle |
bacteria that recycle nutrients, produce antibiotic, and preserve food. Very few are harmful or cause disease. 1000nm | Procaryote |
cellular, selective permability: archaea,bacteria, and cyanobacteria. Do not have true nucleus, do have cell membrane | procaryotes |
Peritrichous bacteria | procaryotic and have flagella over entire surface |
lophotrichous bacteria | flagella at one end like an octopus |
amphitrichous bacteria | have one flagella at each end |
monotrichous bacteria | flagella at one end |
2 donor 1 recipient, hair-like seen by gram-neg, made of polymerized protein called pillin, not associated with motility, anchor. | pili: a.k.a fimbrae |
4 layers: Teichoric acids (top of lipoteichoic), peptidoglycan contains lipoteichoic acids, cell membrane contains protein, and cyto plasm | gram-positive cell wall |
reproduce by binary fission:cell spilts into 2 daughter cells but before chromosomesa must duplicate. | procaryotic cell reproduction |
Time it takes binary fission | generation time: varies depends on growth condition. E. coli about 20 min. but most bacteria 20-24hrs depending on enviroment. |
3 basic (based on shape): cocci(round), Bacilli (rod-shape), curved/ spiral | bacterial cell morphology |
Cocci | diplcocci-1 or2, Strepto-chain, staph-clusters,tetrads-4pack, octads 8 pack |
taxonomy established based on the binomial system of nomenclature. | Microbial classification. |
each given 2 names: genus and specific epithet. both constitute species. | binomial system |
Glycocalyx(slime layers and capsules;some bacteria posses. Is a slimy, gelatinous material made by cell membrane and secrete out side cell wall. | Procaryotic cell structure |
2 types:loosly connected to cell wall highly organized and a firm connection. | Glycocalyx |
Pseudmonas produce slime layers, K.pneumonia,N.meningitidis, and S.pneumoniae posses capsule(serves as antiphagocytic function | Glycocalx (of the procaryotic cell structure) |
motile bacteria; whiplike,threads of protein, protein is flagellin. # and arrangement are characteristic of a particular sp. | Flagella of the procaryotic cell |
sequence for taxa | Kingdom, division,class,order, family,genus, species.KDCOFGS |
air dry, heat fix,hold over boiling water, apply malachite green over smear,let steam for 1min, rinse w/ distilled water(rinses stain out of vegative cells), apply safranin for 30 sec | spore stain procedure |
procaryotic, few genera(bacillus and clostridum)capable of forming thick-wall for survival, sporulation/ no rep,survive many yrs, resistant to heat, chemicals, cold and drying. | Spore (endospore) |
eucaryotic cell that does not have cell wall | animal cell |
have a simple cell wall | plant cell |
do not contain true nucleus, do not have membrane bound organelles. They do have cell membrane that encloses cytoplasm | procaryotic cells |
are dormant and surround DNA and allow resist to chem, heat and drying. composed of exosporium, spore coat, cortex,core(sporeproplast)- core wall, cytoplasm,nucleoid,ribosomes | endospores |
DNA duplicate, seperate into sporangium and forespore,sporangium engulf forespore then produce spore layer around forespore,cortex and outer coat layer divide, last a completely formed mature spore | endospore formation |
sporulation | nutrition depletion(maj stimulus),once depleted it is comitted to forming endospore and is now called sporulationg cell(sporagium) takes 6-10 hrs |
Why are endospores heat resistant? | presence of dipicolinic acid combined with calcium ions; which help dehydrate endospore. Also core contains small proteins that help protect DNA from drying and damage. |
How do you destroy a endospore? | temp @ least 112'C(autoclave) because they are resistant to drying, uv light, strong acids and bases |
to break dormancy of the endospore good condition for growth of cell is a must. Has to be a specific chemcal/ enviromental stimulus(amino acids/inorganic salt) along w/ inorganic salt. with water. | germination of endospore |
enzymes produced that degrade cortex and expose core to water, calcium dipicolinate is lost, core rehydrates, cell grows out of endospore coats. takes 1 1/2 hrs | germination |
Clostridium sp. are | anaerobes |
Bacillus sp are | aerobes |
based on shape cocci, bacilli, curved/spiral | bacteria |
cocci in pairs ex: N. gonorrhoeae, disease; Gonorrhea | Diplococci arrangement |
chains, streptoccus pyogenes (strept throat) | streptococci |
cluster, staphylococcus aureus, boils | staphylococci |
packet of four, micrococcus, rarley pathogenic | tetrad |
packet of eight, sarcina ventriculi, rarely pathogenic | octad |
Rods;long filaments/ branched, 1x3nm. when extremely short called coccobacilli. Med: bacilli Escherichia, Klebsiella, and proteus spp. Pseudomonas, Haemophilus and bacillus. | bacilli |
curved: vibrio,campylobacter, and helicobacter spp. spiral: treponema and borrelia spp. | Curved and spiral shaped bacteria. |
1.simple stains 2.structural staining procedure(a. capsule stain, spore stain, flagella stain) 3. differential stain (a. gram pos b.gram neg c. acid fast) | staining bacteria |
serves to kill organisma, preserve morphology, and anchors smear. 2 most common:1.heat, not standard willdistort bacteria morphology 2. methonal, standardized technique (preffered) | fixation |
smear loop,air dry,drip methonal to fix, flood w/ stain, rinse w/ water, and examine w/oil immerson @x100 | simple stain |
Stain blue - purple have thick layer of peptigodlycan more complex | Gram-positive |
Stains pink-red thin layer of peptidoglycan | Gram negitave |
known as gram variable, mycobacterium spp. uses carbol fuchsin( red dye driven through cell wall) heat used to soften waxes in cell wall | acid fast stain |
which eucaryotic organisms are photosynthetic? | classification of algae |
consist of cytoplasm, cell wall(usually), cell mem,nucleus,plastids,ribosomes, motichondria, and gogli bodies. Some have pellicle, a stigma and/or flgella? (most cell walls contain cellous) | characteristics of algae |
Range in size from unicellular(diatoms),to large, multicellular(seaweeds or kelp) | algae |
how do algae produce energy? | photosynthesis, some use organic matter. |
algae can be arranged in colonies or strands and can be found in: | fresh water,salt water, wet soil, or on wet rocks |
diatoms,diboflge | |
able to swim, associated with flagella; less often with axial filaments | bacteria motility |
seen by stabbing into tube of semisolid medium or by hanging drop technique | motility of bacteria |
generally are not motile, 50% | spiral shaped and cocci |
millions of organisms, apperance varies, size color shape, elevation, edge or margin of the colony, enzymatic activity on varius media. | colony of morphology |
What is the formation of bacterial growth? | single cell 0hrs one cell, 4hr 256 cells, 8hrs 65000 cells, visible colony 12 hrs at 17000000 cells |
atmosheric requirements are | classified by relationship to O2 and CO2 |
Classifications of bacteria isolates for O2 | obligate aerobes, microphilic aerobes, faculative anaerobes, aerotolerant anaerobes, and obligate anaerobes. |
Organisma that grow best in higher concentrations of CO2(5-10%) | canophilic |
What are the nutritional requiremnts for Domain bacteria? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen sulfur, phosphate and nitrogen for growth. Some special elements like calcium, iron and zinc. Fastidous bacteria is said to be demanding of nutrients |
What is the pathogenicity of Domain Bacteria? | many are able to cause disease, because they posses capsules, pili, or endotoxins. Because the secrete exotoxins and exoenzymes they damage cells and tissues. tested by inoculation (Neisseria men) |
What is the genetic composistion of domain bacteria? | |
What are unique bacteria? (do not grow in artificial media) | Rickettsias, chlamydias, mycoplasmas (bacteria) but do not posses all organisms as a typical bacteria cell. Rickasettes and chlamidia have gram-neg type and are obligate intracellular Rickasettes has a leaky membrane and chlamidiais an energy parasite |
obligate intercellular | means the bacteria must live in a host to survive. |
mycoplasmas | smallest of cellular microbes, lack cell wall (many diff shapes) pleomorphio. in humans cause atypical pneumonia, genitourinary inf., resistant to penicillian, "fried egg" |
Photosynthic bacteria | purple, green, cyano; purple and green do not produce oxygen/ cyan do. produces oxygen then is said to be oxygenic, and if not it is called anogenic |
archae | disc 1977 procaryotic, related more to eucaryotes than bacteria, widely in shape, some live in extreme enviroment, posses cell walls but they do not contain peptidoglycan |
taxonomy | science of classification, classification, nomenclature and ID/#. Taxa: KDCOFGS |
acid fast mycobacteria | carbol fuchsin (bright red dye) drivin into the cell |
Created by:
659316083
Popular Bacteriology sets