| Question |
Answer |
| 4 functions of the respiratory system | exchange gases, regulate pH, protect pathogens/irritants, vocalization |
| upper respiratory system | mouth, nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx |
| lower respiratory system | trachea, primary bronchioles, alveloi |
| inspiratory muscles | external intercostals, sternocleidomastoids, scalenes |
| expiratory muscles | internal intercostals, abdominals |
| processes of external respiration | 3exchanges-air between lungs & atm, O2& CO2 lungs and blood,gases blood & cells Transport O2 & CO2 by blood |
| Oxygen molecule from air to lung | mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx,trachea, primary bronchi, branching bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
| functions of pleural fluid | allow membranes to slide across each other, holds lungs tight against thoracic wall |
| Alveolar type I cells | exchange gases |
| Alveolar type II cells | secrete surfactant |
| Boyle's Law | breathing decrease volume=increase pressure |
| Law of Laplace | Larger Alveoli have Lower pressure |
| Dalton's Law | EGAD-exchange of gas is dalton's |
| respiratory system created volume change | diaphram contracts, volume up, relaxes, volume down |
| The maximum volume of air that can be forcibly expired after normal expiration | expiratory reserve volume |
| The maximum volume of air that can be forcibly ispired after normal inspiration | inspiratory reserve volume |
| The volume of air that remains in the respiratory system afer a forced expiration | residual volume |
| The volume of air moved during normal quiet breathing | tidal volume |
| Vital capacity(VC) air moved in/out per min | IRV+ERV+TV |
| Total lung capacity(TLC)vol air in lungs after max inhalation | IRV+TV+ERV+RV |
| Functional residual capacity(FRC) vol air left after tidal exhalation | ERV+RV |
| Inspiratory capacity(IC) vol inhaled after tidal expiration | IRV+TV |
| components to conditioning air before reaches alveoli | warm air, add moisture, filter foreign mat. |
| physical properties of lungs | compliance(stretch)elasticity(recoil)surface tension(pressure w/in alveoli) |
| Air moves from | high to low pressure |
| forced expiration muscles | internal intercostals, abs |
| function of surfactant | prevents surface tension from collapsing alveoli |
| bronchoconstriction | decreased diameter & increased resistance |
| bronchodialation | increased diameter & decreased resistance |
| parameters that regulate diameter of bronchiles | paracrines, nervous system control, hormones |
| CO2 & epi | bronchodialation |
| histamine & parasympathetic NS | bronchoconstriction |
| receptor epi binds to in brochioles | B2 |
| total pulmonary ventilation | volume of air moved into & out of lungs/min |
| alveolar ventilation | volume of air reaching alveoli/min |
| anatomic dead space | volume of air that does NOT reach alveoli |
| Ventilation-perfusion matching in lungs | local regulation of airflow & blood flow changing diameter of arterioles & bronchioles |
| bronchiole diameter as CO2 increases | bronchodialation |
| pulmonary arteriole diameter as O2 decreases | contstrict |
| apnea | cessation of breathing |
| dyspnea | difficulty breathing |
| factors that influend diffusion of gases between alveoli & blood | surface areas of alveoli, diffusion distance, membrance thickness, [c] gradient of gas |
| O2 transported to the blood | 98% bound to Hb, 2% in plasma |
| structure of Hb | 4 globular protein + 1 heme |
| chemical element essential for Hb synthesis | Fe |
| hypoxia | too little O2 |
| hypercapnia | too much CO2 |
| categories of problems from hypoxia | inadequate O2 to alveoli, prob O2 exchange between alveoli & pulm caps, inadequate transport O2 in blood |
| Alveolar PO2 low because of | high altitude or hypoventilation |
| relationship between altitude and PO2 | increase in altitude, decrease in PO2 |
| anemic hypoxia | Hb with low O2(blood loss, anemia, CO poisoning) |
| ischemic hypoxia | reduction in blood flow (heart failure,shock) |
| histotoxic hypoxia | failure of cells to use O2 properly(cyanide poisoning) |
| oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve | gives % Hb sites that have bound O2 at diff PO2 loading and unloading of O2x=resting cell y= % O2 sat of Hb |
| causes shift to left on oxyhemoglobin curve | O2 not bound to Hb-O2 increased affinity of Hb for O2 |
| causes shift to right on oxyhemoglobin curve | increase in CO2-decreased affinity of Hb for O2 |
| 3 ways CO2 transported in blood | HCO3, dissolved CO2(plasma, carbaminohemoglobin(binds to) |
| equation in which CO2 converted into HCO3 | Co2 + H2O yields H2Co3 yeilds H + HCO3 |
| enzyme that catalyzes CO2 conversion | carbonic anhydrase(CA) |
| chloride shift | CO2 diffuses into RBC ain in Cl ion inside blood, shifts rxn right RBC become more + HCO3 diffuses into blood |
| where reverse chloride shift occurs | alveoli |
| relationship between CO2 and pH levels in blood | CO2 increases pH decreases-inverse relationship |
| respiratory acidosis | increased CO2 retention-accum of carbonic acid & drop in pH |
| respiratory alkalosis | too little CO2 increase in pH (hyperventilate) |
| central chemoreceptors | medulla-CO2, PO2, pH- increases ventilation |
| peripheal chemoreceptors | carotid/aortic bodies-PO2, pH, PCO2-increase ventilation |
| respiratory center | located in medulla and pons (CNS) |
| central chemoreceptors respond to increased PCO2 | increase PCO2=decreased pH of CSF receptors in medulla send messages to respiratory center medulla send signal via motor neurons to resp nucleus and ventilation increases |
| functions of kidneys | regulate extracellular fluid volume & BP, reg somolarity, mainain ion balance, homeostatic reg of pH, excrete wasited, produce hormones |
| structures of urinary system in sequence | kids, ureters, bladder, urethra |
| 3 filtration barriers cross move from plasma into Bowman's cap | glomeruli consists of fenestrated caps, basal lamina, podocytes |
| forces promote glomerular filtration | hydrostatic of glomerus |
| forces oppose glomerular filtration | colloid pressure, hydrostatic fluid pressure inside Bowman's cap |
| GCF | Glomerular Filtration Rate - 125mL/min or 180L/day |
| cortical nephrons | almost completely contained w/in cortex |
| juxtamedullary nephrons | long loops of H dip down into medulla, vasta recta here |
| renal corpuscle | combo of glomerulus and Bowman's cap |
| renal portal system | afferent art to glomeruli to efferent art to peritubular caps |
| average amount of urine leaves body per day | 1-2L min 400 mL |
| filtration fraction | % of total plasma volume that is filtered into nephron |
| factors that influence GFR most | net filtration pressure, filtration coefficient |
| relationship between BP and GFR | BP up GFR up |
| mechanisms that goven autoregulation of GFR | myogenic response, tubloglomerular feedback, hormones & automoatic hormones |
| myogenic response | maintain constant GFR at local level |
| hormones that influence arteriolar resistance | Angiotensin II, prostoglandin |
| NS that innvervates afferent arteriole | sympathetic |
| ion that plays key role in bulk reabsorption proximal tubule | Na+ |
| transepithelial transport | substances cross both apical and basolateral membrane |
| paracellular pathway | substances pass through th junction between two adjacent cells |
| properites of mediated transport | saturation, competition, specificity |
| below saturation, the rate of transport is propotional to | [substrate] |
| The rated of trasnport at saturation is also know as | transport maximum |
| For a particular substance, plasma concentration at which that substrate first appears in the urine is known as the | renal threshold |
| does filtration exhibit saturation | NO |
| glucose in the urine | glycosuria |
| renal excretion formula | filtration - reabsorption + secretion |
| In renal secretion, molecules move from the ___ to the ____ | EC fluid, nephron |
| renal clearance | rate at which a solute disappears from the body by excretion on metabolism |
| micturition | urination |
| NS involved in micturition reflex | Parasymp-contracts bladder, somatic moroe-controls external sphincter |
| 2 sphincters in micturition | internal, external |
| electolytes that must be regulated by body | Na, K, Ca, H, HCO3 |
| Ascending L of H permeability to H2O & NaCl | permeable to NaCl and K+, impermeable to H2O |
| Descending L of H permeability to H2O & NaCl | only H2O absorbed |
| ion primary determinant of ECF volume | Na+ |
| ion primary determinant of pH | H--makes more acidic |
| Vasopressin | net result=h2O reabsorp acts in collecting duct |
| What causes vasopressin to be released from post. pit | decreased BP or increased ECF osmolarity |
| countercurrent multiplier | arrangement of L of H that concentrates solute in renal medulla. |
| addition of NaCl raises osmolarity | triggers vasopressin & thirst |
| vasa recta | surrounds loop and removes H2O and NaCl is recycled |
| effects of angiotensin II beyond stimulating aldosterone secretion | affects BP, vasoconstrictor, stimulates thirst,increases symp activity to heart & bv |
| ANP | Atrial Natriuretic Peptide produced in atria of heart |
| stimulus for ANP secretion and effects | stretch of atria stimulates and it enhances Na+ and H2O loss |
| hyperkalemia | too much K+ |
| hypokalemia | too little K+ |
| what happens when K concentrations are out of balance | cardiac arrhythmias |
| how does body compensate for decrease in BP(dehydration) | baroreceptors increase by vasoconstriction increase HR, increase contraction of heart, vasopressin released decreases BP |
| mechanisms body uses to cope with pH changes | 1st-buffers 2nd-ventilation 3rd renal regulation of H+ and HCO3 |
| how kidneys alter pH | acidosis-secrete H+ and reabsorb HCO3 alkadosis-reabsorb H+ and secrete HCO3 |
| mechanisms activated when blood osmolarity increases(dehydration) | hypo stimulates vasopressin reabsorbtion of H2O(collecting duct) to blood conserve H2O and thirst initiated |
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