| Question |
Answer |
| Epidermis | outer layer of the skin-composed of sublayers called strata. The epidermis contains no nerves or blood vessels Produces Kerastinocytes |
| Melanocytes | produce pigment in our skin |
| Erector pili muscles | attach to hair |
| Dermis | Inner layer of skin that contains collegen and elastin fibers which provide much more of a structure and strength of the skin and is much thicker then the epidermis |
| Superficial fascia | The subcuntaneous tissue that composes the third layer of skin, consists of loose connective tissueand contains fat or adipose tissue |
| Adipose | Fat |
| Sebum | produced by sebaceous glands |
| Apocrine | Sweat produced glands that has the strongest order |
| Jaundice | Skin color is a goldish color |
| Impetigo | A contagious skin disease |
| Mole | Most potential to become malignant-pigmented skin growth formed of melanocytes |
| Fibrocystic disease | Lumps found in the axillary area of a female client |
| Myocardium | Heart muscle |
| Semilunar | Controls the flow of blood from the ventricals into the aorta |
| Pulminary trunk | Blood to lungs |
| Coronary | Vessel most involved in reducing blood flow to the heart- heart attack |
| Right Atrium | First chamber to recieve blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae |
| Diastole | Portion of the cardiac cycle that performs relaxation of the ventricals during filling |
| Blood Pooling | caused by standing still for long periods of time |
| Dorsalis pedis pulse is located where? | Ankle |
| Hypotension | Low blood pressure |
| Dizzyness when sitting up after massage | Caused by stimulation of the baroreceptors |
| External Carotid | Artery near SCM |
| Popliteal artery | Artery behind the knee- then divides to become the anterior & posterior tibial artery |
| Basilic | Vein located in the arm |
| Saphenous | Varicose vein |
| Contributes to Hematopoiesis | Stem cell |
| Ischemia | Temporary or diminished supply of blood to the tissues |
| Deep Vein Thrombosis | Begionning stages to a pulmonary embolisum |
| Lymph | Clear interstitial tissue fluid that bathes the cells. Lymph contains lymphocytes which provide immune response; returns plasma proteins that leak thru capillary walls,fat from gastrointsetinal to bloodstream |
| Subclavian veins | Both lymph ducts empty lymph fluid here |
| To encourage lymphatic flow in the foot | Stimulate the plantar plexus |
| Spleen | Stores lymphocytes and blood |
| Mononucleosis | Contagious |
| Specific immunity | No longer suscptible- measles/chicken pox as a child, never to return |
| Antibodies | Serum proteins of the immunoglbulin class that are secreted by plasma cells |
| Arterioles | the smallest arteries |
| Arteriosclerosis | a term meaning hardening of the arteries that have become brittle and have lost there elastisity |
| Artery | A blood vessel that transports oxygenated blood from heart to the body or deoxygenate blood from the heart to the lungs |
| Atherosclerosis | A condition in which fatty plaque is deposited in medum and large arteries |
| Atrium | One of the two small thin walled upper chambers of the heart; the right and left atria are sparated by a thin interatrial septum |
| Blood | A thick, red fluid that provides oxygen,nourishment,and protection to the cells and carries away waste products. Whole blood consists of two components:cellular elements&liquid plasma. A form of connective tissue. |
| Blood Pressure | The mesurement of pressure exerted by the heart on the walls of the blood vessels. Blood forced into the aorta during systole sets up a pressure wave that travels down the arteries.The wave expands the arterial wall-pulpate press artery=pulse rate |
| Systolic | High pressure-ventricals are contracted |
| Diastolic | Lowest pressure-ventricals are at rest |
| Capillary | One of the smallest vessels found between the arteries and veins that allow the exchange of gases,nutrients and waste. Thin walls-allows molecules to diffuse easy |
| Coronary Arteries | Supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself;locatedin groves between the atria and ventricals and between the 2 ventricals |
| Dermatitis | Acute or chronic skin inflamation characterised by redness, eruptions,edems,scaling,and itching. 3 Types-1)Atopic 2)Seborreheic 3)Contact dermatitis. |
| Eczema | form of dermatitis |
| Heart | Mediastinum of thoracic cavity |
| Myocardium | Heart muscle |
| Endocardium | thin inner lining - heart |
| Epicardium | outer membrane - heart |
| Heart Valves | 4 sets of valves that keep the blood flowing in the correct direction through the heart |
| Hemorrhage | The passage of blood outside of the cardiovascular system |
| Immunity | Resistant to desease- functional system - key is the ability to distinguish self from nonself |
| Lymphocytes | important immune cell- prevents bacteria ans viruses from gaining access to the bloodstream. |
| Macrophanges | important immune cell |
| Integument | The skin and its appendages: hair,sebaceous,and sweat glands,nails and breasts. |
| Lymph Nodes | Small,round along a network of lymph vessels that provide filtering for waste removal & transferring them to bloodstream- cleans spleen,intestines,kidneys. Produce lymphocytes. Located near joint movement to assist in pumping- |
| Pericardium | Dbl. membranious, serous sac surrounding the heart. It secretes a lubricating fluid to prevent frictionfrom the movement of the heart |
| Plasma | A thick, straw-colored fluid that makes up about 55% of the blood |
| Standard Precautions | Est.Center for Diesese Control and Prevention-prevent bacterial and viral infections by setting up specfic methods of dealing with human fluids and waste. Protection from pathogens |
| Tumors | Neoplasm, new growth |
| Benign | Nonthreatening |
| Malignant | Cancerous |
| Venules | smallest veins |
| Veins | Blood vessels that collect blood from the capillaries and send it back to the heart. 75% of the blood in the body is in the venous system. Lg veins often contain a set of valves that ensure that blood flows in the correctly to the heart&prevents backflow |
| Ventricles | 2 lg lower chambers of the heart- thick walled and separated by a thick interventricar septum |
| Keratin | fibrous protein that protects our skin and makes it waterproof |
| Skin color | pigment= melanin, carotene, hemoglobin |
| Stratum Corneum | outer most layer of the epidermis- 20 to 30 layers of kertin-filled, dead cells that continuously shed and are repalced from the layer below |
| Root hair plexus | Nerve that is stimulated each time the hair is moved. |
| Sweat Glands-Sudoriferous Glands | Eccrine: raises moisture in the skin (activities)-cool body temp. & elimate waste. 99% water. Apocrine gland- smell, thicker |
| Sebaceous Glands | Oil(Sebum) gland-Connected to hair folicles by small ducts. Prevents dehydration, soften the skin and hair,slows growth of bacteria |
| Mammary Glands | Modified apocrine sweat gland.Men nonfunctional.During lactation glandular alveoli produce milk which collects in lobes and passes through lactiferous ducts to the nipple |
| Eccrine | raises moisture in the skin (activities)-cool body temp. & elimate waste. 99% water. |
| Ceruminous Glands | Modified apocrine glands found in the external ear canal. Sticky-prevents foreign material and insects from entering Cerumen=Earwax |
| Alpecia | Hair loss or baldness |
| Vitiligo | loss of pigmentation in irregular patches |
| Scleroderma | autoimmune disorder of connective tissue-overproduction of collegen and inflamation. |
| Lipoma | Benign tumor formed from mature fat cells.-soft,movable-trunk,foroearm,neck |
| Seborrheic Keratosis | Raised skin leasions-chest,back,neck,face-Benign- |
| Candidiasis | infection of the skin or mucus membrane-caused by candida albicans(diper rash)= fungal--red,scaly-breasts,finger,toes,groin,axsillae-occur in ear,vagina and mouth-thrush |
| Psoriasis | Chronic skin condition-red,dry,silvery scales- scalp,elbows,knees,back,buttocks |
| Atrioventrical | Valves that allow blood to flow into ventricals BUT keep it from returning to the atria |
| Mitral-Bicuspid (Left Artioventrical) | Valve located between the Left atrium and the Left ventrical |
| Tricuspid (Right Artioventrical) | Valve located between the Right atrium and the Right Ventrical |
| Semilunar | Valves control bloodflow out of the ventricals (into the aorta & pulmonary arteries)& prevent backflow of blood into the ventricals. These valves open in response to pressure when blood leaves the ventricals-close when blood pools near valve &closes valve |
| Aortic | Valve between the Left ventrical and aorta |
| Pulmonary | Valve between the pulmonary artery and the Right ventrical |
| Superior vena cava | The vein that returns poorly oxygenated blood to the right atrium from the upper venous circulation |
| Aorta | From the heart to the body- artery that carries oxygen and nutrients away from the heart to the body |
| Inferior vena cava | Vein returns oxygen-poor blood from the lower venous circulation to the right atrium |
| Pulminary veins | 4 Veins- 2 from ea.lung- that bring oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium Only vein that carries oxygen-rich blood |
| Entrainment | is the coordination or synchronization to a rhythum - heart or other body rhythums |
| Blood volume and flow | Cardiac output amt of blood pumped by LEFT ventrical in one minute= average 5-6L Blood flows fastest in the arteries and moderate in the veins, slowest capillaries.During exercise, oxygen is needed- 20L |
| Blood flow through the heart- Stage One | Oxygen poor blood from the body enters the SUPERIOR and INFERIOR VENA CAVA and flows to the - RIGHT ATRIUM (it fills) The full right atrium empties through the tricuspid valve into the RIGHT VENTRICAL |
| Blood flow through the heart - Stage Two | full RIGHT VENTRICAL-contracts and pushes to pulmonary valve to pulmonary artery(divides)which sends blood to each lung-blood becomes oxygen rich-moves to-4 pulmonary VEINS to LEFT ATRIUM |
| Blood flow through the heart- Stage Three | Blood leaves LEFT ATRIUM to LEFT VENTRICAL- fills- thru the aorta valve into the aorta and decending aorta to all parts of the body (not lungs) |
| Mitral valve | the valve between the left atrium and left ventrical |
| Dorsalis Pedis Pulse | located at the ankle |
| Tachycardia | Resting heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute |
| Bradycardia | heart rate less than 50-60 beats per minute |
| Baroreceptors | Nerve center in the cardiovascular system. Transmit signals about sudden changes in bp. |
| Basilar Artery | one of the arteries that supplies the brain with oxygen-rich blood. The 2 vertral arteries become the basilar artery |
| Axillary Artery | Subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery at the clavical |
| Mesentric Artery | Branch of the abdominal artery that supplies blood to the rectum |
| Celiac (trunk) Artery | Branch of the abdominal artery- supplies the stomach,spleen,and liver (via the gastric,splenic and hepatic artery |
| Fermoral Artery | Superficial at the femoral triangle and decends to the posterior adductors |
| Jugular | Superficial Vein/external (right and left)- drains blood from face,neck and head -empties into the subclavian vein. Deep/internal- drainage from brain to subclavian vein |
| Portal vein | empties into the liver |
| Heptic veins | Branch of the inferior vena cava from the liver |
| Renal veins | Branch of tBranch of the inferior vena cavahe inferior vena cava from the kidneys |
| Iliac veins | Branch of the inferior vena cava from the continuation of the femoral veins (2) |
| Azygos system | Lies on the posterior body wall and drains the intercostal veins- empties into the superior vena cava |
| Brachiocephalic vein | 2 veins that stem from the jugular vein to become the superior vena cava |
| Erythrocytes | an iron-protein compound known as hemoglobin |
| Monocyte | Largest of the white blood cells but only account for 6% of the total number- unique because they leave the blood and enter the tissues |
| Thrombocytes | Also called platelets- smallest cellular elements of the blood- important in clotting ans are manufactures in the bone marrow |
| Aneurysm | Permenant diloation of a vessel due to weakness or damage |
| Embolus | Plug in the blood stream that may be a clot, plaque, air, gas, fat, tumor cells, tissue, clumps of bacteria |
| Ishemia | temporary deficiency or disminished supply of blood to the tissue |
| Hemophilia | Bleeding disorder. VIII (vital clotting factor in blood) is diminshed or lacking. Inherited disease |
| Arrhythmia | Heart rate may be partially or completely irregular=fast or slow |
| Angina Pectoris | Chest pain from lack of oxygen supplie to heart. |
| Fibrin | a special protein that forms and seals the damage blood vessels by trapping red blood cells, platelets and fluid to form clots |
| Mesenteric Artery | Supplies the small intestent part of the pancreas and half of the colon |
| Cisterna chyli | Lower end of thoracic duct (lymph) |
| Peyers Patches | are diffuse lymphoid tissue They are aggregations of lymphoid tissue that are usually found in the lowest portion of the small intestine, they differentiate the ileum from the duodenum/jejunum in that the number increase further down the intestine |
| Hodgkins | Painless swelling of the lymph nodes caused by enlarged, mutated macrophanges- usually in the neck and groin |
| Mononucleosis | Contagious viral infection. Affects the lymphocytes causing an increased number and change in structure. |
| Leukemia | Cancer of the white blood cells, abnormal cells at a faster rate with a long life span. |
| Lymphedema | Increase in tissue fluid caused by inflammation of obstruction from scar tissue, parasites or trama. |
| Lymphomata | A tumor in the lymphatic system |
| Non Hodgkin primaril and secondary system | cancer of the lymphoid tissue. A grouping of diverse lymphomata that may manifest differently |
| Nonspecific immune responce | the body responds exactly the same way to all substances that are not identified as part of the body |
| Phagocytosis | engulfing bacteria in a cell-eating process |
Biology Lab Midterm
