Chapter one Anatomy and Physiology

Question	Answer
Anatomy	Science of body structures and the relationships among them.
Physiology	Science of body functions and how the body parts work.
Surface Anatomy	Study of Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation.
Gross Anatomy	Study of Structures that can be examined without using a microscope.
Systemic Anatomy	Study of Structures of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or the respiratory systems.
Regional Anatomy	Study of Specific regious of the body such as the head or chest.
Endocrinology	Study of Hormones(chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body function.
Immunology	Study of how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents.
Six levels of the structural organizaiton in the human body.	1. Chemical Level2. Cellular Level3. Tissue Level4. Organ Level5. System Level6. Organismal Level
Chemical Level	Contains Atoms and Molecules
Atoms	Smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions
Molecules	Two or more atoms joined together
Atoms essential for maintaining life	Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Calcium, Sulfer
Two molecules found in the body	DNA and Glucose
Deoxyribonucleic Acid	DNA - Genetic material passed from one generation to the next
Glucose	Blood Sugar
Cellular Level	Molecules combine to form cells
Cells,	The basic structural and functional units of an organism
Types of Cells in the body	1. Muscle Cells2. Nerve Cells3. Epithelial Cells
Tissue Level / Tissue	Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.
Four basic types of tissue	1. Epithelial Tissue2. Connective Tissue3. Muscular Tissue4. Nervous Tissue
Organ Level	Different types of tissues are joined together to form an organ
Organs	Structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.
System Level / System	Consists of related organs with a common function. AKA Organ-system level
Organismal Level / Organism	Any Living Individuel, which includes all the parts of the human body functioning together to constitue the entire organism.
Palpation	Feels the body surfaces with the hands
Auscultation	Listens to the body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs
Percussion	Taps on the body surface witht he fingertips and listens to the resulting echo.
6 Basic Life Processes of the human body	1. Metabolism2. Responsiveness3. Movement4. Growth5. Differentiation6. Reproduction
Metabolism	sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. Includes Catabolism and Anabolism.
Catabolism	Breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components.
Anabolism	Building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components.
Responsiveness	Body's ability to detect and respond to changes. Nerve cells respond by generating electrical signals (nerve impulses). Muscles cells respond by contracting which generates movement.
Movement	Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and tiny structures inside cells.
Growth	Increase in body size that results from an increase in teh size of existing cells, an increase in teh number of cells, or both.
Differentiation	Developmetn of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
Stem cells	Precursor cells that divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
Reproduction	Formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement or to the production of a new individual.
Homeostasis	Condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes.
Important part of Homeostasis	To maintain the volume and composition of body fluids, dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them.
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)	Fluid within cells
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)	Fluid outside body cells
Interstitial Fluid	ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues.
Blood Plasma	ECF within blood vessels
Lymph	ECF within lymphatic vessels
Cerebrospinal Fluid	ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord
Synovial Fluid	ECF in joints
Aqueous Humor and Vitreous Body	ECF of the eyes
Blood Capillaries	Smallest blood vessels in the body.
Control of Homeostasis - Nervous	Nervous system regulates homeostasis by sending electrical signals known as nerve impulses to organs that can counteract changes from the balanced state.
Control of Homeostasis - Endrocrine	Includes many glands that secrete messenger molecules called hormones into the blood.
Changes of Homeostasis	Nerve impulses cause rapid changes; Hormones more slowly.
Feedback System	Cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
Controlled condition	Each monitored variable such as body temp, blood pressure
Stimulus	Any disruption that changes a controlled condition
Feedback system has 3 basic components	1. Receptor2. Control Center3. Effector
Receptor	Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.
Control Center	Sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when needed.
Output	Occurs as nerve impulses or hormones
Effector	Body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
Negative Feedback System	Reverses a change in a controlled condition
Example of negative feedback	Blood pressure
Positive Feedback System	Strengthen or reinforce a change in one of teh body's controlled conditions
Examples of Positive Feedback	1. Child Birth2. Lactation3. Blood Clotting
Disorder	Any abnormality of structure or function.
Disease	More specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptems.
Symptoms	Subjective changes in body fuctions that are not apparent to an observer
Signs	Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure
Epidemiology	Science that deals with why, when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted
Pharmacology	Science that deals with effects and uses of drugs in teh treatment of disease.
Diagnosis	Science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another
Anatomical Position	Subject stands erect facing teh observer with the eyes facing directly, forwards. Feet are flat and directed forward. Limbs at side and palms forward
Prone	Body lying facedown
Supine	Body lying face up
Directional Terms	Words that describe the position of one body part relative to another.
Superior (CEPHALIC OR CRANIAL)	Toward the head, or upper body part of a structure
Inferior (Caudal)	Away from the head or the lower part of a structure
Anterior (Ventral)	Nearer to or at the front of the body.
Posterior (Dorsal)	Nearer to or at the back of the body.
Medial	Nearer to the midline
Lateral	Farther from the midline
Intermediate	Between two structures
Ipsilateral	On the same side of the body as another structure
Contralateral	On the opposite side of the body from another structure
Proximal	Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure
Distal	Further fromt he attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure
Superficial	Toward or on the surface of the body
Deep	Away from the surface of the body

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