Intro to Sociology Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
sociology | the systematic study of human society |
manifest functions | the recognized and intended consequences of a social structure or institution in society |
latent functions | the unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social structure or institution in society |
social dysfunction | any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society |
variable | a concept whose value changes from case to case |
correlation | a relationship in which two or more variables changes together |
cause and effect | a relationship in which change in one variable (the independent variable cause change in another (the dependent variable) |
culture | the way of thinking, the way of acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life |
society | people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture |
values | culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living |
beliefs | specific statements that people hold to be true |
norms | rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members |
mores | norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance |
folkways | norms for routine or casual interaction |
technology | knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings |
socialization | the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learns culture |
personality | a person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling |
id | Freud's term for the human being's basic drives |
ego | Freud's term for a person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society |
superego | Freud's term for cultural values and norms internalized by an individual |
sensorimotor stage | Piaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals experience the world only through their senses |
preoperational stage | Piaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals first use language and other symbols |
concrete operational stage | Piaget's term for the level of of human development at which individuals first see causal connections in their surroundings |
formal operational stage | Piaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically |
self | George Herbert Mead's term for the part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image |
looking-glass self | Charles Horton Cooley's term of self-image based on how we think other sees us |
significant others | people, such as parents, who have special importance for socialization |
generalized other | Mead's term for widespread cultural norms and values we use as reference in evaluating ourselves |
peer group | the social group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common |
total institution | a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by administrative staff |
resocialization | radically changing an inmate's personality by carefully controlling their environment |
social interaction | the process by which people act and react in relation to others |
status | a social position that a person a holds |
status set | all the statuses a person hold at a given time |
ascribed status | a social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntary later in life |
achieved status | a social position a person takes on voluntary that reflects personal ability and effort |
master status | a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life |
role | behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status |
role set | a number of roles attached to a single status |
role conflict | conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses |
role strain | tension among the roles connected to a single status |
social construction of reality | the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction |
Thomas theorem | W.I. Thomas' statement that situations define as real are real in their consequences |
personal space | the surrounding area over which a person makes some claim to privacy |
social group | two or more people who identify and interact with one another |
primary group | small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships |
secondary group | a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity |
dyad | a social group with two members |
formal organization | a large secondary group organized to achieve its goals efficiently |
organizational environment | factors outside an organization that affect its operation |
bureaucratic ritualism | a focus on rules and regulations to the point of interfering with an organization's goals |
sex | the biological distinction between females and males |
primary sex characteristics | the genitals, organs used for reproduction |
secondary sex characteristics | bodily development, apart from the genitals, that distinguishes biologically mature females and males |
sexual orientation | a person' romantic and emotional attraction to another person |
pornography | sexually explicit material intended to cause sexual arousal |
deviance | the recognized violation of cultural norms |
crime | the violation of society's formally enacted criminal law |
social control | attempt by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior |
criminal justice system | a formal response by police, courts, and prison officials to alleged violations of the law |
labeling theory | the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much form what people do as form how others respond to those actions |
stigma | a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity |
crimes against the person | (violent crimes) crimes that direct violence or the threat of violence against others |
retribution | an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime |
deterrance | the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment |
rehabilitation | a program for reforming the offender to prent later offenses |
societal protection | rendering an offender incapable of further offense temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution |
criminal recidivism | later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes |
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