Psychology 2301 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Norms | standards based on measurements of a large group of people; used for comparing the scores of an individual with those of others within a well-defined group |
Psychometrics | the field of psychology that specializes in mental testing |
standardization | a set of uniform procedures for treating each participant in a test, interview, or experiement, or for recording data |
Who was the first person to quantify intellectual performance? | Alfred Binet |
mental age | the age at which a child is performing intellectually, expressed in terms of the average age at which normal children achieve a particular score |
chronological age | the numbers of months or years since an individual's birth |
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) | an index derived from standardization tests of intelligence; originally obtained by dividing an individual's mental ager by chronological age and then multiplying by 100 |
What is the criteria used to diagnose mental retardation? | -Under 18 = IQ score of 70 or less; must also demonstrate limitations in their ability to use adaptive skills on life tasks |
What is the Gifted IQ? | 130+ |
What, besides IQ, is necessary to be labelled gifted? | show high levels of creativity, exert high levels of committment to particular problems r domains of performance |
Creativity | the ability to generate ideas or products that are both novel and appropriate to the circumstance |
PKU | Phenylketonuria, genetic disorder that can have a negative impact on IQ (people can control the negative effets if diagnosed in infancy and have a special diet) |
J.P. Guilford | Intelligence theory: each content-product-operation combimnation represents a disting mental ability |
Explain Content-Product-Operation | Content (5 types) is the type of infor, Product (6 types) is the form in which info is represented, Operationg (5 types) is the type of mental activity performed |
Charles Spearman | Intelligence Theory: performance of individuals on each of a variety of intelligence tests was highly correlated (factor of general intelligence underlying all intelligences performed, or <g> and the domain associated with specific skills <s>) |
Robert Sternberg | Triarchic Theory of Intelligence |
Explain the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence | Includes Intelligence, Analytical Intelligence, and Practical Intelligence |
Howard Gardner | Multiple Intelligences and Emotional Intelligence |
How many types of intelligence did Gardner identify? | 8, the value of ay given typed differs based on society |
Raymond Cattell | Intelligence Theory: general intelligence can be broken down into two relatively independent components: Crystalized and Fluid |
What is crystalized intelligence? | the knowledge a person has already acquired and the ability to access the knowledge; measured by vocabulary and arithmetic tests |
What is fluid intelligence? | the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems |
What types of memories are the amygdala and hippocampus responsible for? | devlarative memory (facts, dates, names, etc.) and memories of emotional significance |
What type of memory is the cerebellum responsible for? | procedural memories, memories acquired by repitition |
What part of the brain is responsible for habit formation and stimulus respones connections? | Striatum |
What type of memories is the cerebral cortex responsible for? | sensory memories and association between sensations |
Inductive Reasoning | uses available evidence to generate likely, but uncertain, conclusions |
Deductive Reasoning | a process in which one draws logical conclusions from two or more statements or premises |
Retrograde Amnesia | brain damage precents access to memories that preceeded the moment of the injury |
Anterograde Amnesia | one can no longer form explicit memories for events that occur after the time in which you suffered physical damage |
Amnesia | a failure of memory caused by physical injury, disease, drug use, or psychological trauma |
What is observed after death in Alzheimers patients? | the brain contains unusual tangles of neural tissue and sticky deposits called plaque |
What is grouping (chunking)? | reconfiguring items by grouping them on the basis of similarity or some other organizing principal |
What is the Method of Loci? | remembering the order of a list of objects or sections of speeches by associating them with some sequence of places with which you are familiar |
What are mnemoic devices? | a method for enhancing memory |
What are some examples of mnemonic devices? | Rhymes, Grouping, Peg-word system, acrostics, imagery, acronyms |
Meaningfulness | grouping information with the same value or meaning |
Organization | grouping information into categories which would make them easier to remember |
What are the four ways we forget? | 1: Interference (retrieval cues don't point to one specific memory) 2:Proactive Interference (old info makes it to learn new info) 3: Retroactive Interference (new infor makes it hard to keep old) 4:Nonsense Sylabols |
What are 2 ways to put info into LTM? | Episodic Memory (things you have personally experiences), Semantic Memory (generic, categorical memories) |
Explicit Memory | requires a conscious effort to recover information |
Implicit Memory | availability of information through memory without conscious effort |
memory | capacity to ecode, store, and retrieve information |
encoding specificity | principle that subsequent retrieval of information is enhanced if cues recieved at the time of recall are consistent with those present at the time of encoding |
procedural memory | memory of how tasks are carried out |
declarative memory | fact based information such as facts and dates |
episodic memory | long-term memories for autobiographical events and contexts in which they occurred |
sensory memory (iconic memory) | memory that may have been useful at a specific time, it is only stored for a split second |
short term memory (stm) | preservation of recent experiences |
memory span for stm | Geroge Miller, +/- 7 minutes |
long term memory (ltm) | storehouse of all experieces, events, info, emotions, skills, etc. that have been acquired from sensory and short term memories |
recognition | a form of unclear recall |
spacial memory states | when we capture properties of real and imagined special experiences |
problem solving | involves a goal that will move from the initial state to the goal by means of reasoning |
communication | sharing common ground with a conversational partner |
belief-bias effect | where prior knowledge, attitudes, or personal values cloud reasoning and leads to a person accepting invalid arguments |
judgement | the process of forming opinions, reaching conclusions, and making critical evaluations |
decision making | the process of choosing between alternatives, selecting and rejecting available options |
linguistic relativity | Sapir-whorf; suggests that the language people speak determines the way they percieve the world |
inrferences | when listeners fill in gaps in information with bits that are logical assumptions made possible in memory |
propositions | researchers state the meaning that follow understanding of utterances or text begins with basic units called propositions |
Spoonerism | a speech error of an exchange of initial sounds of two or more words in a phrase or sentence |
common ground | the presumption that the listener knows all that the speaker knows, based on 3 sources of evidence: community membership, copresence for action, and perceptual copresence |
community membership | (blank) |
copresence for action | (blank) |
perceptual copresence | (blank) |
cooperative principle | Paul Grice |
autonmatic processes | does not require attention, often can be performed along with other tasks without interference |
controlled processes | requires attention, thus exacting greater demand |
attention | responsible for distributing metal processes |
parallel processes | requires simultaneous examination of all elements in an array |
serial processes | requires separate examination of each element in an array |
reaction time | the amount of time it takes to perform a particular task |
mental steps | FC Donders, extra mental steps will result in more time to perform a task |
cognition | process of knowing, including attending, remembering, and reasoning; also the content of the processes, such as concepts and memories |
algorithm | a step-by-step procedure that always provides the right answer for a aprticular type of problem |
heuristics | "rule of thumb", shortcuts in solving a complex inferential task |
Means-End Analysis | combination of hill climbing and working backwards, find the biggest difference between current state and where you're trying to get creating subgoals |
working backwards | starting at the end and reversing results to see how to get to the end from the beginning |
Hill Climbing | with each progressive step it gets closer to our goal, starting at the beginning |
subgoals | small goals set in order to reach a bigger or more distant goal, like steps |
functional fixedness | inability to percieve a new use for an object previousy associated with some other purpose |
set effect | previous knowledge may cause a bias that blocks the solution |
availability heuristic | a judgement based on the information readily available in memory |
representative heuristics | a cognitive strategy that assigns an object to a category on the basis of a few characteristics regarded as representative of that category |
framing | (blank) |
WAIS | IQ test, originally tested adults |
WISC IV | IQ test, for children aged 6-17, started in 2003 |
WPPSI II | IQ test, for children 4-6.5 years, started in 2002 |
Formal assessment must meet what 3 requirements? | reliability, validity, and standardization |
How many standardized levels of mental retardation are there? | 4 |
What is the IQ for mild retardation? | 50-70 |
What is the IQ for moderate retardation? | 35-49 |
What is the IQ for severe retardation? | 20-34 |
What is the IQ for profound retardation? | 0-19 |
Sir Francis Galton? | key figure in the developent of western intelligence testing; also known for eugenics based on IQ |
psychological assesment | the use of specified testing procedures to evaluate the abilities, behaviors, and personal qualities of people |
An infant's body weight __________ in size in the first 6 months. | doubles |
An infant's size __________ in weight by the age of one year. | triples |
What are the 3 main stages of strees? | Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion |
cognitive development | the study of the processes of the products of the mind as they emerge and change over time |
Where does the greatest change in an adolescent's brain occur? | frontal lobe (between the ages of 10 and 12) |
physical developemtn | an organism's changes, maturation, and growth from conception and continuing across the life span |
John Locke | nurture (development based onexperiences) |
Jean-Jacques Rousseau | nativist (based on genetics, nature) |
Indulgent Parent | responsive but fail to help child llearn about social rules and structure; aware and present but doesn't set boundaries |
zygote | formed when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg |
What is the earliest behavior that occurs during the prenatal period? | heartbeat, it begins at about 3 weeks after conception |
fetus | after 8 weeks, the zygote is considered an embryo |
When can a mother begin to feel fetal movements? | approximately 16 weeks |
How many neurons does the prenatal brain generate per minute? | 250,000 |
10 steps to wellness: | 1)exercise regularly 2)nutritious, balanced meals 3)maintain proper weight 4)7-8 hours sleep nightly 5)wear seat belts 6)don't smoke or do drugs 7)responsible alcohol use 8)safe sex 9)regular medical/dental checkups 10)optimistic perspective and friendshi |
Kohlberg | the judgements people make about what courses of ction are correct orincorrect in particular situations |
Erikson's Psychological Development | every individual must successfully navigate a series of psychosocial stages |
Erickson, 0-1.5 | trust vs. mistrust |
Erickson, 1.5-3 | autonomy vs. self-doubt |
Erickson, 3-6 | initiative vs. guilt |
Erickson, 6-puberty | competence vs. inferiority |
Erickson, adolescent | identity vs. role confusion |
Erickson, early adult | intimacy vs. isolation |
Erickson, middle adult | generativity vs. stagnation |
Erickson, later adult | ego integrity vs. despair |
Maslow | created a hierarchy of needs, each level must be satisfied before the next level can be achieved |
maturation | the process of growth, typical of all members of a species |
assimilation | modifies new environmental information to fit into what is already known |
accomodation | restructures or modifies the child's existing schemes so that new information is accounted for more completely |
developmental psychology | the area of psychology that is concerned with changes in physical and psychological functions that occur from conception across the entired lifespan |
cross-sectional design | observe and compare groups of individuals of chronological ages at the same time |
wisdom | expertise in the fundamental practices of life |
longitudinal research design | repeated observations of the same individuals over an extended period of time |
Who determines the sex of a child? | the male |
Whatis the length of afull term pregnancy in weeks? | 38 weeks |
Ovum | the female egg, pre-conception |
What is the ideal age of a mother? | 20-40 years old |
How can drugs impact a pregnancy? | they may cause severe brain damage and life long mental handicaps |
How can smoking impact a pregnancy? | it increases the risk of miscarriage, premature births, and low birth weight |
How can alcohol impact a pregnancy? | may cause brain damage or other impairments |
What is the average birth size? | 20 inches long, 6-8 pounds |
anoxia | low oxygen level |
breech | when the baby is born feet first |
cesarean section | when a baby must be surgically removed |
What is less developed at birth than other senses? | vision |
What two senses are active when a baby is born? | Taste and Smell |
When does puberty begin for females? | when menarche occurs (usually 12-13) |
When does puberty begin for males? | when they begin the production of live sperm cells occurs (usually at 12-14) |
How many stages are in Piaget's cognitive development? | 4 |
Piaget: Step 1 | sensorimotor (0-2) |
Piaget: Step 2 | preoperational (2-7) |
Piaget: Step 3 | concrete operations (7-11) |
Piaget: Step 4 | formal operations (11+) |
What are the stages of dying and grief? | 1) denial 2) anger 3) bargaining 4) depression 5) acceptance |
Whats up with daycares? | children in daycares are often more adapted with respect to social interactions |
neglecting parents | don't apply discipline nor are they responsive to their children's individuality or needs |
authoritarian parent | applies discipline with little attention to the child's autonomy |
authoritative parent | makes appropriate demands of the child, more likely to produce good communication |
attachment | the emotional relationship between a child and the regular caregiver |
Hull's Drive Cycle | internal states that arise in response to an animal's physiological needs |
bulimia | periods of intense, out of control eating followed by purging (induced vomitting, laxatives, etc.) |
instincts | pre-programmed tendencies that are essential for the survival of their species |
motivation | all the processes involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activites |
anorexia nervosa | when an individual weighs less than 85% of her or his expected weight but still expresses an intense fear of becoming fat |
What s the greatest problem in the US today? | Besides George Bush, it's obesity. |
What is BMI, and what does it indicate? | Body Mass Index, it indicates if you are obese |
What are the physiological symptoms of stress? | muscle-tension, hypertension, heart problems, ulcers, chest pains, insomnia, migraines, skin rashes, excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, increased cholesterol |
What are the psychological symptoms of stress? | worry, tenseness, sadness, hopelessness, preoccupation, irritability, apprehension, low self-esteem |
What are the behavioral symptoms of stress? | indecision, poor concentration, frantic pace, giving up, absenteeism, difficulty getting along with others, excessive eating and drinking |
components of emotional intelligence | the ability to motivate self, persist in the face of frustration, control impulses, delay gratification, regulate one's moods, control emotions |
emotions | a complex patterns of bodily and mental changes that includes physiological arousal, feelings, cognitive process, visible expressions and specific behavioral reactions made in response to a situation percieved as personally significant |
What are the seven basic emotions? | fear, disgust, happiness, surprise, contempt, anger, and sadness |
What part of the brain handles emotions? | the amygdala and the cerebral cortex |
What's the hardest emotion to control? | anger |
stress | a nonspecific response that the body mades to any demand |
What is the dangerous levelof life change units? | 300+ |
social support | resources, including material aid, socioemotional support, and information provided by others tohelp a person cope with stress |
What are the 3 ways to harness the mind to heal the body? | (blank) |
Type A Personality | time obsessive, more likely to have heart disease, competitive, aggressive, impatient, hostile |
Type B Personality | less competitive, less hostile, basically the opposite of type A |
problem-directed coping | confronting the problem directly |
daily hassles | things that happen to you on an everyday basis such as losing something, being late to an appointment, getting a parking ticket, etc. |
chronic stressors | stressors that endure over time |
traumatic events | an event thatis negative and uncontrolled, unpredictable, or ambiguous that is particularly stressful |
appraisal | defines in what ways a situation is stressful |
anticipatory coping | efforts made in advace of a potentially stressful event to overcome, reduce, or tolerate the imbalance between percieved demands and available resources |
modifying cognitive strategies | adapting to stress by changing your evaluations ofstressors and your self-defeating cognitions about the way you are dealing with them |
What side of the brain typically handles emotion? | Right |
What are the four ideals about adult intelligence | Rich factual knowledge, rich procedural knowledge, life span contextualism, uncertainty |
Primary Appraisal | describes the initial evaluation of the seriousness of a demand |
Secondary Appraisal | once you decide something must be done, you evaluate the personal and social resources that are available to deal with the stressful circumstances and consider the actions that are needed |
hardiness | a set of personality characteristics marked by feelings of commitment, challenge, and control that promotes resistance to stress |
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