Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Psychology 2301
Chapters 7-12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Norms | standards based on measurements of a large group of people; used for comparing the scores of an individual with those of others within a well-defined group |
| Psychometrics | the field of psychology that specializes in mental testing |
| standardization | a set of uniform procedures for treating each participant in a test, interview, or experiement, or for recording data |
| Who was the first person to quantify intellectual performance? | Alfred Binet |
| mental age | the age at which a child is performing intellectually, expressed in terms of the average age at which normal children achieve a particular score |
| chronological age | the numbers of months or years since an individual's birth |
| Intelligence Quotient (IQ) | an index derived from standardization tests of intelligence; originally obtained by dividing an individual's mental ager by chronological age and then multiplying by 100 |
| What is the criteria used to diagnose mental retardation? | -Under 18 = IQ score of 70 or less; must also demonstrate limitations in their ability to use adaptive skills on life tasks |
| What is the Gifted IQ? | 130+ |
| What, besides IQ, is necessary to be labelled gifted? | show high levels of creativity, exert high levels of committment to particular problems r domains of performance |
| Creativity | the ability to generate ideas or products that are both novel and appropriate to the circumstance |
| PKU | Phenylketonuria, genetic disorder that can have a negative impact on IQ (people can control the negative effets if diagnosed in infancy and have a special diet) |
| J.P. Guilford | Intelligence theory: each content-product-operation combimnation represents a disting mental ability |
| Explain Content-Product-Operation | Content (5 types) is the type of infor, Product (6 types) is the form in which info is represented, Operationg (5 types) is the type of mental activity performed |
| Charles Spearman | Intelligence Theory: performance of individuals on each of a variety of intelligence tests was highly correlated (factor of general intelligence underlying all intelligences performed, or <g> and the domain associated with specific skills <s>) |
| Robert Sternberg | Triarchic Theory of Intelligence |
| Explain the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence | Includes Intelligence, Analytical Intelligence, and Practical Intelligence |
| Howard Gardner | Multiple Intelligences and Emotional Intelligence |
| How many types of intelligence did Gardner identify? | 8, the value of ay given typed differs based on society |
| Raymond Cattell | Intelligence Theory: general intelligence can be broken down into two relatively independent components: Crystalized and Fluid |
| What is crystalized intelligence? | the knowledge a person has already acquired and the ability to access the knowledge; measured by vocabulary and arithmetic tests |
| What is fluid intelligence? | the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems |
| What types of memories are the amygdala and hippocampus responsible for? | devlarative memory (facts, dates, names, etc.) and memories of emotional significance |
| What type of memory is the cerebellum responsible for? | procedural memories, memories acquired by repitition |
| What part of the brain is responsible for habit formation and stimulus respones connections? | Striatum |
| What type of memories is the cerebral cortex responsible for? | sensory memories and association between sensations |
| Inductive Reasoning | uses available evidence to generate likely, but uncertain, conclusions |
| Deductive Reasoning | a process in which one draws logical conclusions from two or more statements or premises |
| Retrograde Amnesia | brain damage precents access to memories that preceeded the moment of the injury |
| Anterograde Amnesia | one can no longer form explicit memories for events that occur after the time in which you suffered physical damage |
| Amnesia | a failure of memory caused by physical injury, disease, drug use, or psychological trauma |
| What is observed after death in Alzheimers patients? | the brain contains unusual tangles of neural tissue and sticky deposits called plaque |
| What is grouping (chunking)? | reconfiguring items by grouping them on the basis of similarity or some other organizing principal |
| What is the Method of Loci? | remembering the order of a list of objects or sections of speeches by associating them with some sequence of places with which you are familiar |
| What are mnemoic devices? | a method for enhancing memory |
| What are some examples of mnemonic devices? | Rhymes, Grouping, Peg-word system, acrostics, imagery, acronyms |
| Meaningfulness | grouping information with the same value or meaning |
| Organization | grouping information into categories which would make them easier to remember |
| What are the four ways we forget? | 1: Interference (retrieval cues don't point to one specific memory) 2:Proactive Interference (old info makes it to learn new info) 3: Retroactive Interference (new infor makes it hard to keep old) 4:Nonsense Sylabols |
| What are 2 ways to put info into LTM? | Episodic Memory (things you have personally experiences), Semantic Memory (generic, categorical memories) |
| Explicit Memory | requires a conscious effort to recover information |
| Implicit Memory | availability of information through memory without conscious effort |
| memory | capacity to ecode, store, and retrieve information |
| encoding specificity | principle that subsequent retrieval of information is enhanced if cues recieved at the time of recall are consistent with those present at the time of encoding |
| procedural memory | memory of how tasks are carried out |
| declarative memory | fact based information such as facts and dates |
| episodic memory | long-term memories for autobiographical events and contexts in which they occurred |
| sensory memory (iconic memory) | memory that may have been useful at a specific time, it is only stored for a split second |
| short term memory (stm) | preservation of recent experiences |
| memory span for stm | Geroge Miller, +/- 7 minutes |
| long term memory (ltm) | storehouse of all experieces, events, info, emotions, skills, etc. that have been acquired from sensory and short term memories |
| recognition | a form of unclear recall |
| spacial memory states | when we capture properties of real and imagined special experiences |
| problem solving | involves a goal that will move from the initial state to the goal by means of reasoning |
| communication | sharing common ground with a conversational partner |
| belief-bias effect | where prior knowledge, attitudes, or personal values cloud reasoning and leads to a person accepting invalid arguments |
| judgement | the process of forming opinions, reaching conclusions, and making critical evaluations |
| decision making | the process of choosing between alternatives, selecting and rejecting available options |
| linguistic relativity | Sapir-whorf; suggests that the language people speak determines the way they percieve the world |
| inrferences | when listeners fill in gaps in information with bits that are logical assumptions made possible in memory |
| propositions | researchers state the meaning that follow understanding of utterances or text begins with basic units called propositions |
| Spoonerism | a speech error of an exchange of initial sounds of two or more words in a phrase or sentence |
| common ground | the presumption that the listener knows all that the speaker knows, based on 3 sources of evidence: community membership, copresence for action, and perceptual copresence |
| community membership | (blank) |
| copresence for action | (blank) |
| perceptual copresence | (blank) |
| cooperative principle | Paul Grice |
| autonmatic processes | does not require attention, often can be performed along with other tasks without interference |
| controlled processes | requires attention, thus exacting greater demand |
| attention | responsible for distributing metal processes |
| parallel processes | requires simultaneous examination of all elements in an array |
| serial processes | requires separate examination of each element in an array |
| reaction time | the amount of time it takes to perform a particular task |
| mental steps | FC Donders, extra mental steps will result in more time to perform a task |
| cognition | process of knowing, including attending, remembering, and reasoning; also the content of the processes, such as concepts and memories |
| algorithm | a step-by-step procedure that always provides the right answer for a aprticular type of problem |
| heuristics | "rule of thumb", shortcuts in solving a complex inferential task |
| Means-End Analysis | combination of hill climbing and working backwards, find the biggest difference between current state and where you're trying to get creating subgoals |
| working backwards | starting at the end and reversing results to see how to get to the end from the beginning |
| Hill Climbing | with each progressive step it gets closer to our goal, starting at the beginning |
| subgoals | small goals set in order to reach a bigger or more distant goal, like steps |
| functional fixedness | inability to percieve a new use for an object previousy associated with some other purpose |
| set effect | previous knowledge may cause a bias that blocks the solution |
| availability heuristic | a judgement based on the information readily available in memory |
| representative heuristics | a cognitive strategy that assigns an object to a category on the basis of a few characteristics regarded as representative of that category |
| framing | (blank) |
| WAIS | IQ test, originally tested adults |
| WISC IV | IQ test, for children aged 6-17, started in 2003 |
| WPPSI II | IQ test, for children 4-6.5 years, started in 2002 |
| Formal assessment must meet what 3 requirements? | reliability, validity, and standardization |
| How many standardized levels of mental retardation are there? | 4 |
| What is the IQ for mild retardation? | 50-70 |
| What is the IQ for moderate retardation? | 35-49 |
| What is the IQ for severe retardation? | 20-34 |
| What is the IQ for profound retardation? | 0-19 |
| Sir Francis Galton? | key figure in the developent of western intelligence testing; also known for eugenics based on IQ |
| psychological assesment | the use of specified testing procedures to evaluate the abilities, behaviors, and personal qualities of people |
| An infant's body weight __________ in size in the first 6 months. | doubles |
| An infant's size __________ in weight by the age of one year. | triples |
| What are the 3 main stages of strees? | Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion |
| cognitive development | the study of the processes of the products of the mind as they emerge and change over time |
| Where does the greatest change in an adolescent's brain occur? | frontal lobe (between the ages of 10 and 12) |
| physical developemtn | an organism's changes, maturation, and growth from conception and continuing across the life span |
| John Locke | nurture (development based onexperiences) |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | nativist (based on genetics, nature) |
| Indulgent Parent | responsive but fail to help child llearn about social rules and structure; aware and present but doesn't set boundaries |
| zygote | formed when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg |
| What is the earliest behavior that occurs during the prenatal period? | heartbeat, it begins at about 3 weeks after conception |
| fetus | after 8 weeks, the zygote is considered an embryo |
| When can a mother begin to feel fetal movements? | approximately 16 weeks |
| How many neurons does the prenatal brain generate per minute? | 250,000 |
| 10 steps to wellness: | 1)exercise regularly 2)nutritious, balanced meals 3)maintain proper weight 4)7-8 hours sleep nightly 5)wear seat belts 6)don't smoke or do drugs 7)responsible alcohol use 8)safe sex 9)regular medical/dental checkups 10)optimistic perspective and friendshi |
| Kohlberg | the judgements people make about what courses of ction are correct orincorrect in particular situations |
| Erikson's Psychological Development | every individual must successfully navigate a series of psychosocial stages |
| Erickson, 0-1.5 | trust vs. mistrust |
| Erickson, 1.5-3 | autonomy vs. self-doubt |
| Erickson, 3-6 | initiative vs. guilt |
| Erickson, 6-puberty | competence vs. inferiority |
| Erickson, adolescent | identity vs. role confusion |
| Erickson, early adult | intimacy vs. isolation |
| Erickson, middle adult | generativity vs. stagnation |
| Erickson, later adult | ego integrity vs. despair |
| Maslow | created a hierarchy of needs, each level must be satisfied before the next level can be achieved |
| maturation | the process of growth, typical of all members of a species |
| assimilation | modifies new environmental information to fit into what is already known |
| accomodation | restructures or modifies the child's existing schemes so that new information is accounted for more completely |
| developmental psychology | the area of psychology that is concerned with changes in physical and psychological functions that occur from conception across the entired lifespan |
| cross-sectional design | observe and compare groups of individuals of chronological ages at the same time |
| wisdom | expertise in the fundamental practices of life |
| longitudinal research design | repeated observations of the same individuals over an extended period of time |
| Who determines the sex of a child? | the male |
| Whatis the length of afull term pregnancy in weeks? | 38 weeks |
| Ovum | the female egg, pre-conception |
| What is the ideal age of a mother? | 20-40 years old |
| How can drugs impact a pregnancy? | they may cause severe brain damage and life long mental handicaps |
| How can smoking impact a pregnancy? | it increases the risk of miscarriage, premature births, and low birth weight |
| How can alcohol impact a pregnancy? | may cause brain damage or other impairments |
| What is the average birth size? | 20 inches long, 6-8 pounds |
| anoxia | low oxygen level |
| breech | when the baby is born feet first |
| cesarean section | when a baby must be surgically removed |
| What is less developed at birth than other senses? | vision |
| What two senses are active when a baby is born? | Taste and Smell |
| When does puberty begin for females? | when menarche occurs (usually 12-13) |
| When does puberty begin for males? | when they begin the production of live sperm cells occurs (usually at 12-14) |
| How many stages are in Piaget's cognitive development? | 4 |
| Piaget: Step 1 | sensorimotor (0-2) |
| Piaget: Step 2 | preoperational (2-7) |
| Piaget: Step 3 | concrete operations (7-11) |
| Piaget: Step 4 | formal operations (11+) |
| What are the stages of dying and grief? | 1) denial 2) anger 3) bargaining 4) depression 5) acceptance |
| Whats up with daycares? | children in daycares are often more adapted with respect to social interactions |
| neglecting parents | don't apply discipline nor are they responsive to their children's individuality or needs |
| authoritarian parent | applies discipline with little attention to the child's autonomy |
| authoritative parent | makes appropriate demands of the child, more likely to produce good communication |
| attachment | the emotional relationship between a child and the regular caregiver |
| Hull's Drive Cycle | internal states that arise in response to an animal's physiological needs |
| bulimia | periods of intense, out of control eating followed by purging (induced vomitting, laxatives, etc.) |
| instincts | pre-programmed tendencies that are essential for the survival of their species |
| motivation | all the processes involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activites |
| anorexia nervosa | when an individual weighs less than 85% of her or his expected weight but still expresses an intense fear of becoming fat |
| What s the greatest problem in the US today? | Besides George Bush, it's obesity. |
| What is BMI, and what does it indicate? | Body Mass Index, it indicates if you are obese |
| What are the physiological symptoms of stress? | muscle-tension, hypertension, heart problems, ulcers, chest pains, insomnia, migraines, skin rashes, excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, increased cholesterol |
| What are the psychological symptoms of stress? | worry, tenseness, sadness, hopelessness, preoccupation, irritability, apprehension, low self-esteem |
| What are the behavioral symptoms of stress? | indecision, poor concentration, frantic pace, giving up, absenteeism, difficulty getting along with others, excessive eating and drinking |
| components of emotional intelligence | the ability to motivate self, persist in the face of frustration, control impulses, delay gratification, regulate one's moods, control emotions |
| emotions | a complex patterns of bodily and mental changes that includes physiological arousal, feelings, cognitive process, visible expressions and specific behavioral reactions made in response to a situation percieved as personally significant |
| What are the seven basic emotions? | fear, disgust, happiness, surprise, contempt, anger, and sadness |
| What part of the brain handles emotions? | the amygdala and the cerebral cortex |
| What's the hardest emotion to control? | anger |
| stress | a nonspecific response that the body mades to any demand |
| What is the dangerous levelof life change units? | 300+ |
| social support | resources, including material aid, socioemotional support, and information provided by others tohelp a person cope with stress |
| What are the 3 ways to harness the mind to heal the body? | (blank) |
| Type A Personality | time obsessive, more likely to have heart disease, competitive, aggressive, impatient, hostile |
| Type B Personality | less competitive, less hostile, basically the opposite of type A |
| problem-directed coping | confronting the problem directly |
| daily hassles | things that happen to you on an everyday basis such as losing something, being late to an appointment, getting a parking ticket, etc. |
| chronic stressors | stressors that endure over time |
| traumatic events | an event thatis negative and uncontrolled, unpredictable, or ambiguous that is particularly stressful |
| appraisal | defines in what ways a situation is stressful |
| anticipatory coping | efforts made in advace of a potentially stressful event to overcome, reduce, or tolerate the imbalance between percieved demands and available resources |
| modifying cognitive strategies | adapting to stress by changing your evaluations ofstressors and your self-defeating cognitions about the way you are dealing with them |
| What side of the brain typically handles emotion? | Right |
| What are the four ideals about adult intelligence | Rich factual knowledge, rich procedural knowledge, life span contextualism, uncertainty |
| Primary Appraisal | describes the initial evaluation of the seriousness of a demand |
| Secondary Appraisal | once you decide something must be done, you evaluate the personal and social resources that are available to deal with the stressful circumstances and consider the actions that are needed |
| hardiness | a set of personality characteristics marked by feelings of commitment, challenge, and control that promotes resistance to stress |
Created by:
SarahElaine
Popular Psychology sets