terms of general psychology
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| Psychology | study of the mind + scientific study of behavior and mental process
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| Dualism | human mind and body are two distinct entities
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| Early philosophers | Aristotle, R.Cart
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| Wilhelm Wundt | Father of psychology (1879) Structuralism, created first lab
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| Structuralism | breaking down mental processes
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| Functionalism | mind shaped by natural selection. Education, environment, ways of life
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| Gestalt psychology | Max Wertheimer ( whole elements ) perception and sensation
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| William James | founder of functionalism
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| Behaviorism | observing measurable change, people and animals
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| John B. Watson | founder of behaviorist movement
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| Ivan Pavlov | classical conditioning
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| B.F. Skinner | operant conditioning, reinforcement and punishment (skinner box)
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| Sigmund Freud | Psychodynamic theory. Emphasized that many important mental processes happen outside the conscious awareness state.
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| Humanism | human nature is inherently good, and people seek to improve. (goal oriented, free will)
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| Carl Rogers | founders of humanistic approach
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| Abraham Maslow | founders of humanistic approach
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| The Psychological Perspectives | biological, evolutionary, cognitive, social, developmental, clinical, individual differences
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| Five steps in the scientific method (in order) | 1.Perceive – to ask questions (research) 2.Hypothesize – predict, educate guess 3.Test – put hypothesis to work, assessment 4.draw conclusions – the product, data, results of test 5.Report, revise, replicate – publish results
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| Naturalistic observation | watching animals or humans behave in their normal environment.
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| Naturalistic observation (adv | realistic picture of behavior
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| Naturalistic observation disadv | tendency of people to behave differently from normal when they’re being observed. (observer effect)
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| (observer effect) | tendency of people to behave differently from normal when they’re being observed
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| Participant observer | a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes an actual participant in the study.
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| Observer bias | tendency of observer to see what they want to expect.
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| Blind Observer | - people who do not know what research question is. Reduce observer bias.
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| Laboratory observation | watching animals or humans behave in a lab setting
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| Laboratory observation (adv | control over environment, specialized equipment
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| Laboratory observation disadv | – artificial behavior
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| Case study | study of one individual in great deal. Estimate time 6months per person
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| Case study (adv | tremendous amount of detail
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| Case study disadv | cannot apply to other
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| Surveys | researches ask a series of questions about the topic
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| Surveys (adv | data from large numbers of people. Study convert behavior
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| Surveys disadv | people are not always accurate (courtesy bias)
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| Correlational studies | a measure of the relationship between two variables
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| Positive correlation | both go the same direction, more towards +1
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| Negative correlation | both go opposite directions, towards -1
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| Operational definitions | definition variable of inserts that allows it to be directly measured.
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| Independent variable | variable being manipulated *program
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| Dependent variable | depends on the independent effect
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| Experimental design | experimental group / control group)
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| Exp group | being treated on
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| Control group | not being manipulated
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| Random assignment | – randomly assigning subjects to control or experiment group
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| Placebo effect | – phenomenon in which expectation of participants in a study can influence their behavior
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| Single blind studies | subject does not know which group they’re in.
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| Experimenter effects | tendency of experimenter expectation for a study to unintentionally influence results of study
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| Double blind studies | third party is brought to assign groups. Neither the experimenter nor the subjects know the study.
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| Quasi experimental design | not necessarily in experiment form due to lack of resources. Therefore random assignment is used
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| Nervous system | caries info to and from all parts of the body
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| Neuroscience | study of neural structure behavior and learning
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| Structure of the neuron | Neuron,Dendrites,Axon,Myelin,Soma
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| 1. Soma | nucleus, life of cell
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| 2. Dendrites | branch that receives messages from other cells
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| 3. Axon | longest part of the cell. Cell that carries neural message
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| 4. Myelin | protects and speeds up communication 270mph
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| 5. Neuron | both electrically and chemically. • Resting potential – stable • Action potential – work • Refractory period – back to rest
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| All or none | neuron either fires completely or not at all
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| The synapse | point of communication between to neurons
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| Neural impulse | communication within the neuron itself is electrical; communication between neurons is chemical)
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| Excitatory neurotransmitter | causes receiving cell to FIRE
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| inhibitory neurotransmitter | causes receiving cell to STOP
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| Neurotransmitters and functions | (acetylcholine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate, norepinephrine, dopamine, endorphins)
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| Central nervous system | brain and spinal cord
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| Three types of neurons | Sensory
Interneurons
Motor
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| 1. Sensory | senses to central nervous system (cns)
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| 2. Motor | central nervous system (cns) to muscles
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| 3. Interneurons- | outnumber all other neurons. Communicate between motor and sensory
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| Peripheral nervous system | – Automatic (involuntary) Somatic (sensory and skeletal)
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| Autonomic nervous system | parasympathetic ns, sympathetic ns)
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| Parasympathetic | conserving energy, calming
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| Sympathetic | fight or flight arousal
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| Brain structures: | Pons
Cerebellum
Cortex
Reticular formation
Limbic system
Medulla
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| Pons | arousal and sleep dreaming
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| Cerebellum | rapid, fine motor movement, balance, equilibrium
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| Medulla | – life sustaining functions, breathing, swallowing, and heart rate
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| Reticular formation | Selecting attention)
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| Limbic system | hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus
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| Cortex | outermost layer of the brain, responsible for higher thinking
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| Corpus callusom | spindle fibers that connect the two hemispheres.
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| Four lobes | frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
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| 1. Frontal lobe | decision making and fluent speech
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| 2. Parietal lobe | balance *touch, taste, temp
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| 3. Temporal lobe | sense of hearing and meaningful speech
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| 4. Occipital lobe | visual center of the brain
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| acetylcholine | excitatory and inhibitory. involved in memory and controls muscle contraction
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| serotonin | excitatory inhibitory. involved appetite, mood, and sleep
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| GABA | major inhibitory neurotrans. involved in sleep and inhibits movement
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| glutamate | major excitatory trans. involved in learning, memory formation and nervous system development.
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| norepinephrine | major excitatory. arousal and mood
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| dopamine | excitatory and inhibitory. control movement and pleasure.
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| endorphins | pain relief
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