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Vitamins and Minerals

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Vitamin D   Fat soluble “Sunshine vitamin” Fish liver oils, saltwater fish Fortified foods: milk, orange juice, cereals Animal livers, eggs, butter, dairy products  
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Vitamin D Indications   Dietary supplement Treatment of vitamin D deficiency Treatment and correction of conditions related to long-term deficiency: rickets, tetany, osteomalacia Prevention of osteoporosis  
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Vitamin K   Fat soluble Dietary sources of K1 Green leafy vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, spinach, kale), cheese, soybean oils  
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Vitamin K Indications   Dietary supplementation Treatment of deficiency states (rare) Antibiotic therapy Malabsorption Given prophylactically to newborn infants Reverses the effects of certain anticoagulants (warfarin)  
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Vitamin K Indications   To prevent the bleeding disorders infants may have; given to adults taking Coumadin to reverse effects; Protamine sulfate to reverse effects of Heparin  
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Forms of Vitamin K   Vitamin K1 (phytonadione, AquaMEPHYTON)  
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Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)   Required for several metabolic activities Collagen synthesis Maintenance of connective tissue Tissue repair Maintenance of bone, teeth, and capillaries Folic acid metabolism Erythropoiesis  
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Calcium   Most abundant mineral in the body  
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Calcium Food Sources   Found in many foods Especially milk and dairy products Fortified cereals Calcium-fortified orange juice Sardines, salmon  
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Calcium: Causes of Deficiency   Inadequate intake of calcium or vitamin D Hypoparathyroidism Malabsorption syndrome Many other causes  
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Calcium Toxicity   Hypercalcemia may occur with therapy – tetany Anorexia Nausea Vomiting Constipation Severe hypercalcemia can cause: Cardiac irregularities Delirium Coma  
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Magnesium   Dietary sources Green leafy vegetables Meats, seafood, milk, cheese, yogurt Bran cereal, nuts  
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Magnesium: Causes of Deficiency   Hypomagnesemia Malabsorption Alcoholism Long-term IV feedings Diuretics Metabolic disorders (hyperthyroidism, diabetic ketoacidosis)  
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Magnesium: Indications   Nutritional supplement Treatment of magnesium deficiency Anticonvulsant in magnesium deficiency Preeclampsia and eclampsia Tocolytic drug for inhibition of uterine contractions in premature labor Cardiac dysrhythmias  
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Phosphorus   Widely distributed in foods Milk Yogurt Cheese Peas Meat Fish Eggs Hyperphosphatemia in renal disease; Carafate will bind to the excess phosphorus to decrease serum phosphorus  
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Implementation   Giving intravenous calcium too rapidly may precipitate cardiac irregularities or cardiac arrest; therefore it must be administered slowly, as ordered, and within the manufacturer guidelines (e.g., usually less than 1 mL/min).  
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Should extravasation of the intravenous calcium solution occur, the nurse should discontinue the infusion immediately but leave the intravenous catheter in place.   The prescriber may then order an injection of 1% procaine and/or other antidotes or fluids to reduce vasospasm at the site and dilute the irritating effects of calcium on surrounding tissue.  
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