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GI PP 3
Vitamins and Minerals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Vitamin D | Fat soluble “Sunshine vitamin” Fish liver oils, saltwater fish Fortified foods: milk, orange juice, cereals Animal livers, eggs, butter, dairy products |
| Vitamin D Indications | Dietary supplement Treatment of vitamin D deficiency Treatment and correction of conditions related to long-term deficiency: rickets, tetany, osteomalacia Prevention of osteoporosis |
| Vitamin K | Fat soluble Dietary sources of K1 Green leafy vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, spinach, kale), cheese, soybean oils |
| Vitamin K Indications | Dietary supplementation Treatment of deficiency states (rare) Antibiotic therapy Malabsorption Given prophylactically to newborn infants Reverses the effects of certain anticoagulants (warfarin) |
| Vitamin K Indications | To prevent the bleeding disorders infants may have; given to adults taking Coumadin to reverse effects; Protamine sulfate to reverse effects of Heparin |
| Forms of Vitamin K | Vitamin K1 (phytonadione, AquaMEPHYTON) |
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) | Required for several metabolic activities Collagen synthesis Maintenance of connective tissue Tissue repair Maintenance of bone, teeth, and capillaries Folic acid metabolism Erythropoiesis |
| Calcium | Most abundant mineral in the body |
| Calcium Food Sources | Found in many foods Especially milk and dairy products Fortified cereals Calcium-fortified orange juice Sardines, salmon |
| Calcium: Causes of Deficiency | Inadequate intake of calcium or vitamin D Hypoparathyroidism Malabsorption syndrome Many other causes |
| Calcium Toxicity | Hypercalcemia may occur with therapy – tetany Anorexia Nausea Vomiting Constipation Severe hypercalcemia can cause: Cardiac irregularities Delirium Coma |
| Magnesium | Dietary sources Green leafy vegetables Meats, seafood, milk, cheese, yogurt Bran cereal, nuts |
| Magnesium: Causes of Deficiency | Hypomagnesemia Malabsorption Alcoholism Long-term IV feedings Diuretics Metabolic disorders (hyperthyroidism, diabetic ketoacidosis) |
| Magnesium: Indications | Nutritional supplement Treatment of magnesium deficiency Anticonvulsant in magnesium deficiency Preeclampsia and eclampsia Tocolytic drug for inhibition of uterine contractions in premature labor Cardiac dysrhythmias |
| Phosphorus | Widely distributed in foods Milk Yogurt Cheese Peas Meat Fish Eggs Hyperphosphatemia in renal disease; Carafate will bind to the excess phosphorus to decrease serum phosphorus |
| Implementation | Giving intravenous calcium too rapidly may precipitate cardiac irregularities or cardiac arrest; therefore it must be administered slowly, as ordered, and within the manufacturer guidelines (e.g., usually less than 1 mL/min). |
| Should extravasation of the intravenous calcium solution occur, the nurse should discontinue the infusion immediately but leave the intravenous catheter in place. | The prescriber may then order an injection of 1% procaine and/or other antidotes or fluids to reduce vasospasm at the site and dilute the irritating effects of calcium on surrounding tissue. |
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codzep
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