image production 2
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| What are the two basic properties of X-Ray Beam? | Quantity and Quality
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| What are the 3 factors of quantity? | Amount, Intensity, and Exposure Rate
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| What are the 3 factors of quality? | Strength, Penetrating Power, and Hardness
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| What the 4 factors that directly control intensity? | mAs, kVp, SID/FFD, OID/OFD
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| 1000 mAs= | 1 As
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| 1000 V = | 1 kVp
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| What does SID and FFD mean? | Source to image recptor distance and focal film distance
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| What does OID/OFD mean? | Object to image receptor distance and object to film distance
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| mAs is ______ ______ to density | directly proportional
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| The amount of blackness on the film | Density
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| What ever you do to mAs you should you do to density? | the same thing
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| The density produced on the film will be directly proportional to the exposure recieved by the film | Reciprocity law
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| When you increase mAs what does that do to the electrons? | increases the number of projectile electrons boiled off at the filament of the x-ray tube (thermionic emission)
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| What happens to the photons during thermionic emission? | It increases the number of photons produced at the anode
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| A minimum change of at least___ in mAs is required to produce a significant increase or decrease in density | 30%
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| If you were using 10 mAs and the film came out too light what would you do and what is your new mAs? | you would increase you mAs by 30% which is 13 because 30% of 10 is 3 the add that to 10
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| If your film came out too dark when using a 20mAs what would you do? | you would decrease 20mAs by 30% which would give you 14
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| mAs = | mA x Time
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| what is the decimal and millisecond of 1/10 | .10 and 100 1 divide by 10 is .10 then .10 multiplied by 1000 is 100
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| what does kVp stand for | kilovoltage Peaks
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| What does the kVp affect | bothe the wavelength and the frequency of the x-ray photon
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| As kVp is increased how is the wavelength and frequency affected? | the wavelength of the photon is decreases and the frequency is increased
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| what is the controlling factor of contrast | kVp
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| the percentage of the differences between the extreme blacks and whites on the radiograph | Contrast
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| If you increase kVp what do you do to contrast | decrease contrast
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| when you increase constrast what do you do to the inensity | increase it
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| when you increase kVp what do you do to density | increase density
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| what is the rule when increasing kVp or decreasing kVp does it do to density | 15% rule if you increase by 15% you double density but if you subtract 15% you cut density in half
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| There is a minimum change of____ in kVp that is required before a visible change in density can be seen | 8%
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| Pathological conditions that alter normal tissue in such a way to make it hard to penetrate (radiopaque) | Additive disease
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| Pathological condition that alters normal tissue in such a way to make it easier to penetrate (radiolucent) | destructive
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| Tell in the next 41 sildes whether they are additive or destructive and what do you do to mAs or kVp |
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| Proliferative Arthritis | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Bone callus | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Exostosis | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Hydrocephalus | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Osteochondroma | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Osteopetrosis | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Osteoma | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Padgets Disease | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Osteoarthritis | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Acromegaly | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Sclerosis | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Pneumonia | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Pneumoconiosis | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Atelectasis | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Pulmonary edema | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Lung Abscess | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Pleural Effusion | Additive increase 35% mAs
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| Cardiomegaly | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Pericardial Effusion | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Hydrothorax | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Aneurysm | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Ascites from Hepatic Cirrhosis | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Ascites from bowel perforation | Additive increase 50% mAs
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| Edema | Additive increase 10% kVp
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| Morbid obesity | Additive increase 10% kVp
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| Destructive arthritis | Destructive decrease 10% kVp
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| Necrosis | Destructive decrease 10% kVp
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| Osteopenia | Destructive decrease 10% kVp
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| Osteomalacia | Destructive decrease 10% kVp
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| Atrophy | Destructive decrease 10% kVp
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| Bone Abscess | Destructive decrease 10% kVp
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| Osteoporosis | Destructive decrease 15% kVp
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| Emphysema | Destructive decrease 15% kVp
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| Pneumothorax | Destructive decrease 15% kVp
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| Ileus | Destructive decrease 10% kVp
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| Emaciation | Destructive decrease 10% kVp
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| How do you double the density of 80 kVp | take 15% of 80 which is 12 the add 12 to 80 which gives you 92
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| How to you cut the density in halp when using 60kVp | you take 15% of 60 which is 9 then subtract 60-9 which gives you 51
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| If you increase the SID what do you do to the intensity of the beam and why | decrease it because of the divergence of the beam
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| There must be a ____ chang in distance to cause a visible change in density and require an adjustetment in technique | 20%
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| SID and density are | inversely proportional
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| The intensity or exposure rate of radiation is inversely propotional to the square of the distance from the point of source | Inverse Square Law
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| if the orginal intensity was 200mR and the orginal distance was 40 what will the new intensity be if the new distance is 60 | 88.89mR
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| If the orginal mAs was 5 and the orginal distance is 40 what new mAs should be used to compensate for the distance changing to 80 | 20 mAs
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| What are the prime factors of the x-ray beam | Density, Contrast, Detail, and distortion
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| The overall backness on the radiograph | density
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| What is density compromised of | Primary, Remnant, scatter/secondary radiation
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| Radiation exiting the tube | Primary Radiation
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| Primary radiation that exits the patient. This is the image forming part of the beam | Remnant Radiation
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| Primary radiation that has changed direction or has produced other radiation that travels in a different direction | Scattered/ Secondary Radiation
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| What are the 4 body habitus | Hyppersthenic, Sthenic, Hyposthenic, and Asthenic
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| Large body Frame | Hypersthenic
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| Average size patient | Sthenic
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| A thin patient | Hyposthenic
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| Athin patient with a very small body frame | Asthenic
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| What body habitus requires the highest exposure | Hypersthenic
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| What body habitus requires the lowest exposure setting | Asthenic
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| Tissue that allows radiation to pass through freely | Radiolucent
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| Appears darker on the radiograph | Radiolucent
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| Tissue that absorbs radiation | radiopaque
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| Appears lighter on the film | radiopaque
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| Instrument used to measure the thickness of a body part | Calipers
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| Where do you palce the caliper on the body | where the central ray will enter the body
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| You shoul never______ the caliper | squeeze
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| What is the rule in changes for the average thickness of the body tissue | As a general rule, add 2Kvp for every centimeter increase in tissue thickness and subtract 2 kVp for every centimeter decrease in tissue thickness from the average size part
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| The intensity across the beam can vary as much as _____ | 45%
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| The is caused by increased absorption of the primary beam by the heel of the anode/target | Heel effect
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| This is more noticeable as the SID is lowered | The heel effect
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| What does the smaller focal spot affect | The larger field size will be and thegreater the heel effect
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| The cathode side of the tube should be placed where and why? | over the thicker part of the anatomy to produce a more uniform density (dorsal spine and femur)
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| what is the photographic effect equation | (mA)(time)(kVpsquare)/Distance in cm squared
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| 1 inch equals how many centimeters | 2.54
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| What is the equation for exposure | multiply you answer for photographic effect by 15
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| If you increase mA what do you do to density | increase density
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| If you increase exposue time what do you do to density | icrease density
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| If you increase kV what do you do to density | increase density
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| If you increase SID what do you do to density | decrease density
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| If you increase OID what do you do to density | decrease density
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| If you increase screen speed what do you do to density | Increase density
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| If you increase film speed what do you do to density | Increase density
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| If you increase grid factor what do you do to density | decrease density
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| If you increase beam restrition what do you do to density | decrease density
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| If you increase beam filtration what do you do to density | decrease density
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| If you increase Collimation what do you do to density | decrease density
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| If you increase the thickness of the part what do you do to density | decrease density
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| If you increase Compression what do you do to density | decrease density
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| If you decrease atom # what do you do to density | decrease density
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| If you increase processsing time/temp what do you do to density | increase density
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| If you increase the focal spot what do you do to density | no effect
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| If you increase image receptor angulation what do you do to density | no effect
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