SOLUTIONS
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| Does H+ ever exist on its own in water? | NO --> always as hydronium
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| What is another name for hydration? | solvation
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| How to calculate normality? | Molarity of solution * number of H
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| molarity (M) | mol solute / L of solution
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| molality (m) | mol solute / kg of solvent
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| Calculate parts per million? | X mg / kg = X mg / L
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| Ksp: MX2 | Ksp = [M][2X]^2
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| What does solubility = for MX2? | value of M
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| Common ion effect | Less will dissolve in a solution where the species already exists
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| Acids are more soluble in _____. Bases are more soluble in ____. | bases / acids
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| Complex ion | metal cation bound to a Lewis base (charged or uncharged)
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| When a complex ion like M-Cl is formed, will more or less of AgCl dissolve? | More --> Cl is taken out of solution, so more of AgCl should dissolve
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| Are complex ions soluble in water? | YES --> charged species
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| lattice energy | interionic forces in crystal
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| solvation energy | strength of attraction btwn solvent and dissociated ions
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| Which part dissolves fastest? | corners followed by edges and faces
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| What is a saturated solution? | rate of dissociation = rate of precipitation
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| Supersaturated solution? | solution is a suspension created at high temperature
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| An anion has more ___ than ____. A cation has more ____ than ____. | -electrons / protons
-protons / electrons
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| How to use spectroscopy to determine amount of dissolved salt? | amount of absorbed light at a fixed wavelength depends on conc. of ions
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| Which cpds precipitate first? | cpds with smallest value for x (molar solubility)
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| Ion exchange column | precipitate out ion that forms less soluble salt and release more soluble ion into solution to replace it
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| What is a chelating agent? | substance whose molecules form several bonds to a single metal ion
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| How to form a coordinate covalent bond? | lewis base donates a pair of electrons to lewis acid
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| Do ionic / covalent solutions conduct electricity? | ionic
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| What color solution does nickel create and why? | green --> unfilled d-orbitals
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| What does Ksp describe? | how much will dissolve in solution
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| How is a precipitate formed in relation to Ksp? | exceed Ksp and form a precipitate
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| What is a metathesis reaction? | double dispalcement
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| When you swallow something toxic, do you want it to be more or less soluble? | less soluble
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| Does a smaller Ksp imply higher or lower solubility of cpd in water? | lower solubility
--> lower conc. of cation and anion in aq. solution
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| Polar substances dissolve in ____ solvents. | polar solvents
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| salt made of +1 / -1 are soluble |
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| nitrate (NO3-) salts are soluble |
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| Sulfate (SO4 2-) with +1 cations are soluble (excludes transition metals) |
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| Most salts with -2 or -3 anions are insoluble in water, excluding sulfate salts |
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| Most oxide (O2-) and hydroxide (OH-) salts are only slightly water-soluble |
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| KOH and NaOH are prett soluble |
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| In ionic structures, are electrons shared? | NO --> transferred btwn atoms
-cation = deficiency , anion = abundance of electrons
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| salt nomenclature | cation + anion
-ium + -ide
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| lower solubility means? | less dissolution in solution --> less ions
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| Magnesium hydroxide is most soluble in acid / base? | acid
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| basic salts are most soluble in acid / base | acid
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| NH4+ is acidic / basic | acidic
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| What does a precipitate do to an ion? | takes it out of solution
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