CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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on it to display the answer.
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| What converts CO2 to bicarbonate? | carbonic anhydrase
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| How does CO2 get transported? | dissolved CO2, dissolved bicarbonate (major), bound to hemo, bound to plasma px
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| What is main fxn of circulatory system? | 1. circulation of oxygen, nutrients, hx, ions, and fluids
2. removal of metabolic waste
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| Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through and into? | superior/inferior vena cava --> right atrium
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| What is the path for deoxygenated blood to the lungs? | superior/inferior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs
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| What is path for oxygenated blood from the lungs? | lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
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| Tricuspid valve | separates right atrium from right ventricle
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| Pulmonary valve | separates right ventricle and pulmonary artery
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| Bicuspid (mitral) valve | Separates left atrium and left ventricle
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| Aortic valve | separates left ventricle and aorta
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| What are the 4 major valves? | tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, bicuspid valve, aortic valve
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| Systolic pressure is when blood is _____ and ventricles are _____ | being pumped / contracting
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| Diastolic pressure is when blood is ______ and ventricles are _______. | not being pumped / relaxing
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| What does pulmonary circulation accomplish? | oxygenates blood and gets rid of CO2
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| What is pathway for pulmonary circulation? | heart - lungs - back to heart
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| What does systemic circulation accomplish? | provides oxygenated blood to rest of body
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| What is pathway for systemic circulation? | heart - body - back to heart
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| Is there more or less blood pressure in pulmonary vs. systemic circulation? | less
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| When oxygen levels are low, vasodilation / vasoconstriction to tissue? | vasodilation
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| When oxygen levels are low in lungs, vasoconstriction / vasodilation? | vasoconstriction
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| How does blood flow from artery --> vein? | artery - arteriole - capillary - venule - vein
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| What are 2 types of arteries? | -elastic artery (lots of elastic tissue)
-muscular arteries (lots of muscle)
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| What are the components of an artery? | endothelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue
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| Is the aorta active in vasoconstriction? | NO
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| What is the major fxn of arteriole? | controls blood flow to capillaries and vasoconstriction
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| What is the most important site for vasoconstriction? | arteriole
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| What is the importance of vasoconstriction? | determines which tissues get more blood
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| Is capillary involved with vasoconstriction? | NO
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| What is the capillary made of and what is it's major fxn? | -single cell thick endothelium
-blood-tissue solute exchange
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| Is there vasoconstriction in a venule? In a vein? | NO / SOME
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| What is major fxn of venule? | merge of capillaries to be conducted to veins
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| What is a vein made of and what is major fxn? | -endothelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue
-return blood back to heart
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| Only _______ (arteries / veins) have valves | veins
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| Rank thickness between artery, arteriole, vein, venule, capillary | artery > vein > arteriole > venule > capillary
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| Blood pressure is highest in the ______. | arteries (esp. aorta)
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| Blood pressure is lowest in ________. | veins (esp. vena cava)
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| Why is BP lowest in veins? | flow resistance brings pressure down
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| What hx increase BP? | ADH, aldosterone, renin, adrenaline
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| Is your blood ever not flowing? | NO --> elasticity of arteries
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| What are the 2 adaptations that help blood flow even at low pressure? | respiratory pump and muscular pump
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| What are continuous capillaries? Where are they found? | -no pores --> may have clefts at cx boundaries
-skin and muscles
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| Fenestrated capillaries? Where are they found? | -have small pores that are large enough for nutrients and hx but not for blood cx
-found in small intestines, kidneys, endocrine organs
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| What are sinusoidal capillaries? Where are they found? | -large pores so blood cx and lymphoscytes can pass
-found in lymphoid tissues, liver, spleen, bone marrow
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| What are 3 layers of centrifuged blood? | plasma, buffy coat (WBCs, platelets), RBCs
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| What is plasma made of? | water, px, electrolytes, gases, nutrients, wastes, hx, ammonia
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| What is the most abundant cx in the body? | red blood cx
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| Why does red blood cx have biconcave shape? | no nucleus, greater gas exchange, easier travel
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| What does hemoglobin transport? | O2 and CO2
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| Are platelets cx? | NO --> cx fragments
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| Where are RBCs made and what are they made from | -bone marrow / stem cx
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| Where are RBCs destroyed? | spleen**, liver, bone marrow
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| What are the 3 components of hemoglobin? | iron, heme, px (globin)
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| What happens to the iron, heme, globin of hemoglobin during recycling? | -iron = recycled
-heme --> bilirubin --> bile --> excreted in feces
-globin = broken down to a.a.
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| Where are blood clotting factors produced? | liver
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| What is the general clotting mechanism? | platelet plug formation, coagulation, retraction and repair
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| What is the main coagulation factor? | fibrinogen --> fibrin!
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| hematocrit | % volume that is RBC = 45%
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| Each iron in a hemo can bind ____ oxygen. | one
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| _____ binds oxygen tighter than hemoglobin. | myoglobin
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| _____ binds hemoglobin tighter than oxygen | carbon monoxide
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| What is hemo's lower oxygen affinity associated with? | lower pH and higher temperature
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| When interstitial fluid pressure > lymphatic pressure, what happens? | lymph vessels open and interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries
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| When interstitial fluid < lymphatic pressure, what happens? | lymph vessel flaps close and prevents lymph from leaking out
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| What is a lacteal? | lymphatic capillary in small intestine
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| Where are lymphocytes produced? | bone marrow from blood stem cx
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| Why are there lymphocytes in lymph tissue? | cleans and filters the lymph
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| What is lymph? | stuff that leaks out of capillaries (water, px, WBC, chemicals)
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| Are there any RBC in lymph system? | NO --> only WBC
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| What is the source of lymph? | blood plasma from capillaries - interstitial fluid - lymph - returned to blood
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| Deoxygenated blood from the head and neck returns to the heart via_______. | superior vena cava
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| Deoxygenated blood from lower body returns to heart via __________. | inferior vena cava
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| hepatic portal system | connects vasculatures of intestines and liver
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| hypophyseal portal system | connects vasculatures of hypothalamus and pituitary in brain
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| semilunar valve | -valve btwn arteries and ventricles
--> prevent backflow of blood
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| BP in right atrium is _____. | zero
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| cardiac output | total blood volume pumped by ventricle in one minute
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| What closes during a systole? | AV valves
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| What closes during a diastole? | semilunar valve
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| myogenic activity | heart can fire w/o any descending input from nervous system
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| Contraction begins at SA node in right atrium and goes through... | atria - AV node - bundle of His - Purkinje fibers - ventricles
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| What kind of junctions are found in heart? | electrical synapses from gam junctions
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| What slows the pace of the SA node? | vagus nerve
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| Where is bundle of His located? | located in walls separating ventricles
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| What is the problem with faster heartbeats? | less time for blood to enter heart during relaxation
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| WHy do athletes have lower heart rate? | have stronger heart and stroke volume (pump more blood volume per beat so heart doesn't have to work so hard)
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| What nervous system controls the heart? | autonomic nervous system
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| Parasympathetic fibers release ___ to decrease heart rate | AcH
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| Sympathetic fibers release ____ to increase heart rate. | norepinephrine
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| What causes vasoconstriction in arterioles? | sympathetic innervation
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| Which blood vessel regulates BP? | arterioles
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| Why can veins carry large amts of blood? | walls stretch but do not recoil
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| Where is most blood located? | veins
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| Arteries rely on _______, veins rely on ______ to move blood. | elastic smooth muscle / skeletal muscle
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| What are some methods for crossing the capillary wall? | pinocytosis, diffusion, fenestratins, clefts
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| ____ pressure decreases from arteriole to venule. | hydrostatic
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| Rank cross-SA areas, arteries, capillaries, veins | capillaries > veins > arteries
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| Where does blood move the slowest? | capillaries
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| Is blood an ideal flow? | NO
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| Where does the largest drop in pressure occur? | arterioles
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| stroke volume | liters per beat
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| Where is BP highest? | aorta
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| Where are antibodies formed? | lymph tissue
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| What does albumin do? | -transport f.a. and steroids
-regulate osmotic pressure
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| Why can't O2 dissolve in aq. env't? | nonpolar
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| What don't RBC have ? | no nuclei, mito, organelles
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| What kind of respiration do RBC use? | anaerobic --> no mito
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| Can RBC divide? | NO
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| What is life for a RBC? | 120 days
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| What kind of mem does a RBC have? | phospholipid membrane
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| What is hemophilia? | malfxn in cascade of clotting reactions
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| What does thromboplastin do? | prothrombin --> thrombin --> fibrinogen --> fibrin
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| What are leukocytes? | cx that have organelles involved in immuen response
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| What are the 2 types of leukocytes? | granular leukocytes and agranulocytes
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| What is difference btwn granulocytes and agranulocytes? | -granulocytes = nonspecific immunity
-agranulocytes = specific immunity
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| What do granulocytes include? | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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| What do agranulocytes include? | lymphocytes and monocytes (nonspecific)
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| What are monocytes? | macrophages that phagocytize foreign matter
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| What are monocytes found in the brain called? | microglia
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| What does HIV cause loss of? | T-cx
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| _____ is the universal recipient blood type and can donate to ______. | Type AB / Type AB
-> no antibodies for either
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| _____ is the universal donor and receive from_____ | Type O / Type O
--> makes A and B antibodies though
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| What are the 2 major antigen families for blood types? | -ABO antigens
-Rh factor
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| Where is blood stored? | spleen
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| What type of immune cx are the most in the body? | neutrophils
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| What is pus? | dead neutrophils and monocytes
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| Lymphatic system | -collect excess interstitial fluid and return to blood through large veins in neck
-transport px and fats
-equalization of fluid distribution
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| What kind of system is lymphatic system? | open
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| What does lymph empty into? | thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
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| Lymphoma | malignant lymphocytes grow too fast / live too long and produce tumors
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| Gas exchange is based upon the equilibrium concentration of ____. | oxygen and carbon dioxide
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| How does breathing create thermoregulation? | breathing causes you to lose heat
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| What does diaphragm do when contracts? | increases chest volume, creates negative pressure inside lungs
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| When somebody gives you mouth-to-mouth, what type of pressure is that? | positive
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| Why does surface tension cause lung to collapse? | surface tension wants to create spherical structure
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| What reduces surface tension? | surfactants
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| Intrapulmonary pressure vs. intrapleural presure | -intrapulmonary = inside lung pressure
-intrapleural = intrapleural space pressure
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| What does intrapulmonary pressure equal to? Intrapleural pressure? | -atmospheric pressure
-less than atmospheric pressure
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| What is pressure differential in breathng? | difference btwn intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure
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| What controls respiration? | medulla oblongata
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| Why is left lung smaller than right lung? | heart
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| Where is cilia found? Problem in microtubule production will affect what? | -respiratory tract, Fallopian, spinal cord
-respiration, fertility, circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
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| thoracic cavity | has heart and lungs
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| intrapleural space | space btwn visceral and parietal layers
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| Visceral vs. parietal pleura | -visceral = adjacent to lungs
-parietal = adheres to diaphragm and thoracic chest wall
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| What forces air into lungs? | pressure diff btwn negative pressure in intrapleural space and high (atmospheric) pressure in lungs
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| During inhalation, intrapleural pressure ______. During exhalation, intrapleural pressure ______. | -decrease
-increase
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| What controls respiration rate? | pH sensitive chemocrx in medulla oblongata
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| hypoventilation | lack of breathing, CO2 increases
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| hyperventilation | too much breathing, oxygen increases, carbon dioxide decreases
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| tidal volume | amount of air htat naturally exhals / inahles
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| What does cholera create? | causes GI to secrete a lot of bicarbonate
-->metabolic acidosis
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| Myoglobin has stronger affinity to oxygen than ____ but weaker than ________. | -hemoglobin
-cytochrome oxidase
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| The spleen is part of the _____ system. | cardiovascular
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| The trachea is part of the ____ system. | respiratory
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| What is anemia? | abnormally low conc. of hemoglobin in blood
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| Where are lymph nodes found? | groin and neck
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| Capillary hydrostatic pressure | causes fluid to leave the cardiovascular system
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| tissue hydrostatic pressure | forces fluid back into vascular system
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| foramen ovale | allows blood to enter from right atrium to left atrium
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| WHy is fetal circulation complicated? | non-functional lungs and liver
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| ductus venosus | shunts blood flow of umbilical vein directly into inferior vena cava
-allows O2-blood from placenta to bypass liver
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| ductus arteriosus | allows blood from right ventricle to bypass fetus' fluid-filled lungs
-connects pulmonary artery to aorta
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| Does a fetus breathe? | NO --> receives all nutrients from mother
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| umbilical vein vs. umbilical artery | oxygenated blood vs. deoxygenated
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| carbs and a.a. absorbed in small intestines enter systemic circulation via? | hepatic portal system
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| fats that are absorbed by lacteal in small intestine enter systemic circulation via? | thoracic duct
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| Where is hydrostatic pressure highest? | capillaries
--> pushes out
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| What determines blood pressure? | cardiac output and resistance to blood flow
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| Hydrostatic pressure vs. osmotic pressure | -pushing out vs. pulling in
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| What is ideal flow according to Bernoulli? | non-turbulent flow, laminar flow, incompressible fluids
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| What Bernoulli's principle does the cardiovascular match and not mach? | -match: as cross-SA increases, fluid velocity decreases
-not match: As cross-SA increases, fluid pressure increases
--> fluid pressure is low at capillaries
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| Where is blood velocity lowest? | capillaries
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| Where is the spleen located and what system is it part of ? | left / cardiovascular
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| What side is the liver on? | right
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| What organs regulate BP? | heart and kidneys
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| What does ANF do? | stimulates elimination of sodium and water by kidneys
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| Each heart lub/dub sound correspond to? | closing of a heart valve
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| What creates the first sound of a heartbeat? | closing of mitral and tricuspid valves
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| What creates the second sound of a heartbeat? | closing of pulmonaric and aortic valves
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| What is the main pacemaker of the heart? | SA node
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| Pulse pressure | systolic - diastolic pressures
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| blood pressure of right atrium | zero
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| What is the renin-angiotensin pathway? | -kidneys - renin - angiotensinogen - Angio I - ACE acts on Angio I to convert to Angio 2
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| What does Angiotensin 2 stimulate? | aldosterone release from adrenal cortex to act on kidneys to increase sodium and fluid retention
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| What are the major factors that influence BP? | blood volume, heart rate, and peripheral resistance to blood flow
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| Does an increase in the number of blood vessels increase or decrease BP? | decrease
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| The pharynx is part of the ____ and the _____. | digestive system and respiratory tract
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| Describe pathway of air into lungs? | nose - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi
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| What is the main force that drives the flow of blood? | pressure gradient
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| What organ releases erythropoietin? What does it do? | kidneys --> stimulates bone marrow to roduce more blood cx
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| What are central chemoreceptors affected by? | changes in CO2 concentration (hydrogen ion)
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| What is the only metabolic pathway that produces CO2? | krebs
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| Where does reabsorption of most peptides and sugars occur? | proximal convoluted tubule
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| Where is the major site for water reabsorption? | loop of henle
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| Do both ventricles pump different amounts of blood? | NO --> the same
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| Sickle cell anemia | genetic dx that causes red blood cx to collapse when they are not carrying oxygen
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| In the atmosphere, what gas percent is the highest? | nitrogen
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| Where are the majority of plasma px synthesized at? | liver
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| Percentage of red blood cells and plasma. | -erythrocytes -45%
-plasma - 55%
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| anemia | red blood cx is decreased below normal range
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| What synthesizes platelets? | megakaryocites
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| What secretes erythropoietin and renin? | kidneys
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| What is the largest non-solid organ in the body? | skin
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| Does innate immunity become more efficient upon subsequent exposures? | NO
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| What does Poiseuille's principle say about flow rate and conduction velocity? | both vary directly with radius^4 and both vary indirectly with length
-->short and wide = fastest
Q = r^4 / viscosity*length
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| How does resistance relate to Poiseuille's principle? | INVERSE
R = viscosity*length/r^4
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| Where is BP and velocity the highest? | aorta/arteries
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| Where is velocity lowest and SA the greatest? | capillaries
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| Where is BP lowest? | veins
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