GAMETOGENESIS, MENSTRUAL CYCLE, BIRTH
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| Why does menstrual cycle stop with menopause? | ovary is less responsive to pituitary gonadotropins and cyclic changes disappear
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| Regulative Hypotheiss | Each cx has complete info for construction of multicx organism
--> dependent on cx position and environmental factors
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| Mosaic Hypothesis | parts of plans handed out to cx that need them during development
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| Does sperm ever interact with blood? | NO --> protected by blood-testes barrier
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| Where is sperm made? | seminiferous tubules
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| Where is sperm stored? | epididymis
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| What is path of sperm? | seminiferous tubules - epididymis - vas deferens - ejaculatory duct - nothing - urethra - penis
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| What does GNRH stimulate? | release of FSH and LH
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| What does the follicle house and produce? | houses oocyte and produces estrogen
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| Estrogen normally inhibits ____ but causes ____ surge when it reaches a certain threshold | LH and FSH / LH
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| What is necessary to maintain the endometrium? | progesterone (and estrogen)
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| What maintains the corpus luteum? | HcG from placenta
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| The corpus luteum goes away after the ______ trimester no matter what | first
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| What takes over the job of the c.l. and makes progesterone? | placenta
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| What does FSH stimulate in oogenesis? | primary oocyte --> secondary oocyte
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| What is one of the first signs of pregnancy? | HcG in urine
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| What causes menses? | no hx support of endometrium and it sloughs off
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| What is a baby sperm called vs. a mature sperm? | spermatogonium vs. spermatozoa
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| Where does fertilization take place? | oviduct in fallopian tubes
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| Where does the primary oocyte halt before puberty? | Meiosis I at prophase
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| Where does primary oocyte become upon completion of meiosis I? | secondary oocyte
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| What does secondary oocyte halt at before fertilization? | Meiosis II at metaphase
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| Both oogonium and spermatogonium become primary after? | puberty
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| Spermatogonia --> sperm | spermatogonia - primary - secondary - spermatid - sperm
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| What does sperm contribute to ovum? egg contribute? | -sperm = DNA only
-egg = DNA + everything else
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| What is the differentiation of ovum that implants in the endometrium? | blastocyst
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| Zygote --> Blastocyst steps | zygote - morula - blasocyst
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| What prevents additional sperm from penetrating egg? | cortical reaction
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| What causes sperm to penetrate egg? | acrosomal reaction
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| What is cleavage in relation to cell growth? | mitotic divisions without cell growth
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| Blastula vs. blastocyst | -blastula = non-mammals
-blastocyst = mammals
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| Morula vs. blastocyst | -morula = solid ball
-blastocyst = hollowed-out ball
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| What are the basic stages of development (fertilization --> neuralation)? | fertilization, cleavage, blastula formation, gastrulation, neuralation
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| Gastrulation in mammals | cx start migrating inward at primitive streak
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| Primitive streak | where cx start migrating inwards during gasturlation
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| What is importance of gastrulation? | forms primary germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
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| How to form the brain and spinal cord during neuralation? | ectoderm folds into a tube
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| Ectoderm | skin, nerves, brain, lens of eye
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| Mesoderm | heart, muscle, skeleton, blood vessels, bone, kidney, gonads
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| Endoderm | inner lining of digestive tract and respiratory tract, guts, lungs, liver, pancreas, digestive internal organs
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| Determination | irreversible commitment to become a certain cx type
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| Differentiation | becoming a cx type and adopting its specialized fxns
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| specification | ccx is just beginnign to be committed to develop into a certain type
--> reversible
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| What are the stages of commitment? | specification followed by determination
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| What causes induction? | physical touching of cells or by releasing chemicals
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| What marks certain proteins for degradation? | ubiquitin
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| What are the proteases called that act during apoptosis? | caspases
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| What is a protease? | enzyme that catalyzes protein degradation
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| Where are testes located? | scrotum
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| How long does it take to mature sperm? | 72 days
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| What contributes to seminal fluid? | seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands
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| What provides energy to the sperm? | fructose
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| Sperm is ____ in order to survive in acidic female environment. | alkaline
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| What does midpiece have in sperm? | lots o fmito for energy
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| Primary spermatocyte are haploid / diploid while secondary are? | -diploid
-haploid
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| What is a mature spermatid called? | spermatozoa
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| How does spermatozoa become activated for fertilization and where? | -vagina --> capacitation
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| What is the path for sperm starting at the vagina? | vagina - v.canal. - cervix - uterus - fallopian tubes
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| How are the testes both an exocrine and an endocrine gland? | -exocrine - seminal fluid
-endocrine - androgens and peptides
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| Function of leydig cells | convert cholesterol --> testosterone
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| What effect does Testosterone have on sertoli cells? | T binds to a special rx and converted to DHT
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| Role of DHT on sperm development. | DHT diffuses into Sertoli nucleus and instructs DNA to make RNA
-->RNA affect spermatogenic cells
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| Which male cx does LH bind to and what does it do? | Leydig cell - increases cholesterol --> T
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| What male cx does FSH bind to and what does it do? | sertoli cx - increases T --> DHT
--> also synthesizes rx for T
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| What is the main androgen that affects sperm development? | DHT
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| Testosterone has negative feedback on? | hypothalamus and a. pituitary
-LH
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| What happens when DHT is too high? | increase in inhibin which results in neg. feedback on a. pituitary
-FSH
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| All the oogonia a female will ever produce is made during the first___? | 3 months
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| Atresia | process of oocyte degeneration
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| When does the secondary oocyte underogo second meiotic division? | after fertilization has taken place
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| When does primary oocyte undergo first meiotic division? | LH surge during puberty
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| What is a primary follicle? | primary oocyte surrounded by follicle cells
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| How long does follicular phase last? | 14 days
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| Layers of a primary follicle from outside to inside. | theca cx - granulosa cx - zona pellucida
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| Male: female :: leydig: ____ :: sertoli: ______ | theca / granulosa
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| When does ovulation occur? | once secondary oocyte is released
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| When does ovulation occur? | 14th day
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| ANtrum | primary follicle fluid that primes for ovulation
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| What does the burst follicle become? | corpus luteum
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| What is main fxn of c.l.? | secrete progesterone (and estrogen) to maintain endometrium lining
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| What do theca cx do? Where does it go after? | convert cholesterol --> T
-diffuses into follicle cx to become Estrogen
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| In the female, LH affects the ____ cx while FSH affects the ______ cx. | theca / follicle
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| Low conc. of estrogen, there is _____ feedback on hypo and a.pit. HIgh conc. of estrogen, there is _______feedback on hypo and a.pit | -negative
-positive
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| From ovulation to beginning of menstrual phase, what is that phase called? | luteal phase
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| Estrogen alone has _____ feedback. E and P in combo have ______. | positive /negative
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| What is importance of E and P produced from c.l.? | negative feedback and prevents another follicle from developing
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| What is the only thing that enters the secondary oocyte from the sperm? | nucleus
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| What mem. does the sperm contact during fertilization? | zona pellucida
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| When is HCG made? | ONLY during the first three months of pregnancy to maintain c.l.
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| What takes over the role of the c.l. once it degrades? | placenta --> makes more E and P
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| Cells of similar type form____? | tissues
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| What is the structure called that is opposite to where sperm penetrates the egg? | gray crescent
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| What is notochord derived from? | mesoderm
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| What gives rise to nervous ssytem? | neural plate
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| Where is neural plate derived from? | ectoderm
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| What is formed from neural plate? | neural groove --> spinal cord and brain
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| Intracellular interactions usually result in a _____. Intercellular interactions usually create ______. | -prepattern
-developmental induction
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| Animal pole vs. vegetal pole | -animal pole = cytoplasm
-vegetal pole = yolk
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| What sets up the initial prepattern? | grey crescent
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| Dorsal lip | area where cells from animal pole invaginate into blastula
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| What is main role of dorsal lip? | organizer of gastrulation and neuralation
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| In order for the uterus to be receptive, it MUST be? | quiescent
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| When is the uterus no longer quiescent? | At a certain ratio of P:E
--> E increases faster than P
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| When are the 2 main estrogen surges? | -LH surge for ovulation
-surge to induce contractions
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| 2 main fxns of oxytocin. | induce contractions and milk ejection
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| What does the formation of a primitive streak mark in mammals? | beginning of gastrulation followed by neuralation
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| When will the embryo reach the uterus? | by the 5th or 6th day
--> blastocyst
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| What is the trophoblast? | surrounding ectodermal cx that cover inner cx mass
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| Chorion vs. allantois | chorion = gas exchange and transfer of nutrients
allantois = gas exchange and get rid of wastes
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| What preserves teh barrier between the mother's and fetus' blood? | chorion - placenta
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| monozygotic twins | genetically identical offspring when single zygote splits in 2
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| dizygotic twin (fraternal twins) | not genetically identical - 2 eggs are released and fertilized
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| What are 3 main shunts for fetal circulation? | -foramen ovale
-ductus venosus
-ductus arteriosus
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| Where is fetal respiration carried out in? | placenta
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| HOw is placenta formed? | from chorion
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| Does maternal and fetal blood mix together? | NO --> diffusion of everything
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| What forms peripheral nervous system? | ectoderm
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| adrenal cortex vs. adrenal medulla layers | -adrenal cortex = mesoderm
-adrenal medulla = ectoderm
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| archenteron | -cavity created by deep invagination
-later becomes gut
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| blastopore | -opening of archenteron
-deuterosomes (humans), becomes anus
-protosomes, becomes mouth
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| What in the urine is the first sign of pregnancy? | HcG
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| indeterminate cleavage vs. determinate cleavage | -cx that develop into complete organisms
-cx that are determined to differentiate into a certain type of cx
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| totipotent cx | any cx could produce complete individual
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| morula | solid mass of embryotic stem cells
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| blastula vs. blastocyst | blastula - non mammals
blastocyst - mammals
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| What doe s blastocyst consist of? | trophoblast and inner cell mass
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| trophoblast vs. inner cx mass | -trophoblast makes chorion and placenta
-inner cx mass makes actual organism
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| Why is it so important during pregnancy to have neg. feedback on GnRH, LH, and FSH? | make sure development of another follicle
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| What does c.l. degrade into? | corpus albicans
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| What are 4 phases of menstrual cycle? | -follicular phase
-ovulation
-luteal phase
-menstruation
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| What are all of the developmental stages? | -fertilization
-cleavage
-gastrulation
-neuralation
-neural crest formation
-organogenesis
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| organogenesis | process by which layers of ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm become internal organs
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| parthenogenesis | ovum develops into a new individual without fertilization
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| Are all nucleic acids circular / linear? | linear
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| Division of oocyte during meiosis creates uneven ____ but even ______. | cytoplasm / nuclear material
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| What does coelom form from? | mesoderm
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| How do contraceptives work? | inhibit LH surge by altering E/P levels
--> suppress ovulation
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| SEVEP UP | seminiferous tubules, epididymus, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostate, urethra, penis
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| What is a major sign for ovulation? | sudden rise in LH
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| Why are synthetic hx better? | last longer and less degraded
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| How long is each phase of the menstrual cycle? | -Menstruation (0-5)
-Follicular (5-15)
-Ovulation (24 hours)
-Luteal (secretory) phase - 14 daysalways
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| What does LH release in males? | testosteroen
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| What are the 3 type of cell population? | -rapidly dividing - skin cx, tympanic mem, GI tract
-stable cx - pancreatic and liver that are normally arrested in Go but can divide if necessary
-permanent cx - nerve and cardiac - no mitotic activity
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