biochem
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| What is the intermediate that can be channeled into 4 different pathways in the carbohydrate metabolism | Glucose,6-phostphate
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| what happens under anaerobic conditions if the cell is in need of energy | fermentation of pyruvate to lactate to recylce NADH for glycolysis
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| What are the regulated enzymes in glycolysis | hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1, pyruvate kinase
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| What are the regulated enzymes in gluconeogenesis | pyruvate carboxylase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose 6-phosphatase
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| What are the regulated enzymes in glycogen metabolism | glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase
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| What are the regulated enzymes in the PPP (pentose phosphate pathway) | glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
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| what is the main purpose of glucose | energy for cns
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| what is the main purpose of glycogen | short term energy storage
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| what is the main purpose of ribose 5-phosphate | nucleotide precursors, antioxidants, biosynthesis
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| what is the main purpose of lactate and pyruvate | energy
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| in general, what are the types of regulatory mechanisms | allosteric regulation, hormone action, isoenzymes, occurance restricted to certain tissues or organelles
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| list specific regulation for hexokinase | hexokinase IV has higher Km and is inhibited by fructose 6-phosphate (formed under gluconeogenic conditions),hexokinase I-III inhibited by glucose 6-phostphate
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| list specific regulation for phosphofructokinase-1 | -allosterically activated by AMP,ADP, and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. break down is stimulated by glucagon.
-indirectly activated by insulin and inhibited by glucagon
-allosterically inhibited by ATP and citrate
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| list specific regulation for pyruvate kinase | -allosterically inhibited by ATP, acetyl-CoA, long chain fatty acid
-allosterically activated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
-in liver, inhibited by glucagon
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| list specific regulation for pyruvate carboxylase | allosterically activated by acetyl-CoA
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| list specific regulation for fructose 1,6-bisphosphate | -inhibited by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
-formation stimulated by insulin
-indirectly inhibited by insulin and activated by glucagon
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| list specific regulation for glucose 6-phosphate | -expressed in liver and renal cortex
-located in endoplasmatic reticulum
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| list specific regulation for glycogen phosphorylase | -activated by glucagon(liver, epinephrine(skel muscle), Ca2+, AMP
-inhibited by insulin, glucose, ATP
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| list specific regulation for glycogen synthase | -actication by insulin, glucose, glucose 6-phosphate
-inhibited by epinephrine, glucagon
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| list specific regulation for glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase | allosterically stimulated by NADP
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| what is the general function of insulin | lower blood glucose if level is greater than 4-5mM
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| what is the general function of glucagon | increase blood glucose if level is less than 4-5mM
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| what is the general function of epinephrine | fight or flight hormone, activate energy storage for increased ATP requirement in skel. muscle
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| which enzyme activities of the carbohydrate metabolism is affected by insulin | -glycogen phosphorylase inhibited
-glycogen sunthase stimulated
-phosphofructokinase-1 stimulated
-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate inhibited
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| which enzyme activities of the carbohydrate metabolism is affected by glucagon | -phosphofructokinase-1 inhibited
-fructose 1,6 bisphosphate stimulated
-pyruvate kinase inhibited
-glycogen phosphorylase stimulated
-glycogen synthase inhibited
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| which enzyme activities of the carbohydrate metabolism is affected by epinephrine | -glycogen phosphorylase stimulated
-glycogen synthase inhibited
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| Name the minerals and vitamins important for carbohydrate metabolism | Mg2+, Biotin, thiamine, Niacin
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| importance of Mg2+ | needed for enzymes of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and oxidative phase of PPP
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| importance of biotin | pyruvate carboxylase
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| importance of thiamine | transketolase
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| importance of Niacin | part of coenzymes NAD and NADP
-dehydrogenases
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| what are the signs and dangers of the blood glucose level being too low | -signs of hunger, subtle neurological signs, trembling, sweating
-if lower: lethargy, convulsions, coma
-very low: permanent brain damage, death
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| where in the cell do the reactions of A) glycolysis and B)gluconeogenesis | A)all reactions in cytoplasm
B)fist step in mitochondria(pyruvate carboxylase) rest in cytoplasm
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| describe what happens in glycolysis | glucose is converted to (2) pyruvate under production of 2 ATP and 2 NADH
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| describe what happens in gluconeogenesis | glucose is formed from two pyruvate requiring the energy of 6 ATP and reduction provided by 2 NADH
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| what happens in the preparatory phase of glycolysis | 2 ATP are invested to phosphorylate glucose which is then converted to 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
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| what happens in the pay-off phase of glycolysis | glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to pyruvate and oxidized yeilding NADH. 2 ATP are formed
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| which reactions are irreversible in glycolysis and what are the enzymes catalyzing | -glucose -> glucose 6-P (hexokinase,glucokinase)
-fructose 6-P ->fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (phosphofroctokinase-1)
-phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)->pyruvate (pyruvate kinase)
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| which reactions are irreversible in gluconeogenesis and what are the enzymes catalyzing | -pyruvate->oxaloacetate(pyruvate carboxylase)
-oxaloacetate->PEP (PEP carboxylase)
-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate -> fructose 6-P (fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase)
-glucose 6-P ->glucose (glucose 6-phosphatase)
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| what is the minimum amount of carbons needed as a precursor for gluconeogenesis | 3
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| which enzymes of glycolysis are regulated | hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1,pyruvate kinase
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| which enzymes of gluconeogenesis are regulated | pyruvate carboxylase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose 6-phosphatase
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| define glucagon | hormone that has the function to increase blood glucose concentration
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| define gluconeogenesis | anabolic pathway that leads to the production of glucose from precursors
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| define glycogen | carbohydrate polymer consisting of glucose building blocks (branched homo)
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| define glycolysis | catabolic pathway in which glucose is broken to pyruvate under formation of ATP and NADH
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| define glycogenolysis | catabolic pathway that least to defradation of glycogen to glucose 1-phosphate
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| define glycogenesis | anabolic pathway leading to the formation of glycogen
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| define glycogenin | protein needed to start the formation of glycogen
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