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Biochem 2 exam 1
biochem
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the intermediate that can be channeled into 4 different pathways in the carbohydrate metabolism | Glucose,6-phostphate |
| what happens under anaerobic conditions if the cell is in need of energy | fermentation of pyruvate to lactate to recylce NADH for glycolysis |
| What are the regulated enzymes in glycolysis | hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1, pyruvate kinase |
| What are the regulated enzymes in gluconeogenesis | pyruvate carboxylase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose 6-phosphatase |
| What are the regulated enzymes in glycogen metabolism | glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase |
| What are the regulated enzymes in the PPP (pentose phosphate pathway) | glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase |
| what is the main purpose of glucose | energy for cns |
| what is the main purpose of glycogen | short term energy storage |
| what is the main purpose of ribose 5-phosphate | nucleotide precursors, antioxidants, biosynthesis |
| what is the main purpose of lactate and pyruvate | energy |
| in general, what are the types of regulatory mechanisms | allosteric regulation, hormone action, isoenzymes, occurance restricted to certain tissues or organelles |
| list specific regulation for hexokinase | hexokinase IV has higher Km and is inhibited by fructose 6-phosphate (formed under gluconeogenic conditions),hexokinase I-III inhibited by glucose 6-phostphate |
| list specific regulation for phosphofructokinase-1 | -allosterically activated by AMP,ADP, and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. break down is stimulated by glucagon. -indirectly activated by insulin and inhibited by glucagon -allosterically inhibited by ATP and citrate |
| list specific regulation for pyruvate kinase | -allosterically inhibited by ATP, acetyl-CoA, long chain fatty acid -allosterically activated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate -in liver, inhibited by glucagon |
| list specific regulation for pyruvate carboxylase | allosterically activated by acetyl-CoA |
| list specific regulation for fructose 1,6-bisphosphate | -inhibited by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate -formation stimulated by insulin -indirectly inhibited by insulin and activated by glucagon |
| list specific regulation for glucose 6-phosphate | -expressed in liver and renal cortex -located in endoplasmatic reticulum |
| list specific regulation for glycogen phosphorylase | -activated by glucagon(liver, epinephrine(skel muscle), Ca2+, AMP -inhibited by insulin, glucose, ATP |
| list specific regulation for glycogen synthase | -actication by insulin, glucose, glucose 6-phosphate -inhibited by epinephrine, glucagon |
| list specific regulation for glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase | allosterically stimulated by NADP |
| what is the general function of insulin | lower blood glucose if level is greater than 4-5mM |
| what is the general function of glucagon | increase blood glucose if level is less than 4-5mM |
| what is the general function of epinephrine | fight or flight hormone, activate energy storage for increased ATP requirement in skel. muscle |
| which enzyme activities of the carbohydrate metabolism is affected by insulin | -glycogen phosphorylase inhibited -glycogen sunthase stimulated -phosphofructokinase-1 stimulated -fructose 1,6-bisphosphate inhibited |
| which enzyme activities of the carbohydrate metabolism is affected by glucagon | -phosphofructokinase-1 inhibited -fructose 1,6 bisphosphate stimulated -pyruvate kinase inhibited -glycogen phosphorylase stimulated -glycogen synthase inhibited |
| which enzyme activities of the carbohydrate metabolism is affected by epinephrine | -glycogen phosphorylase stimulated -glycogen synthase inhibited |
| Name the minerals and vitamins important for carbohydrate metabolism | Mg2+, Biotin, thiamine, Niacin |
| importance of Mg2+ | needed for enzymes of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and oxidative phase of PPP |
| importance of biotin | pyruvate carboxylase |
| importance of thiamine | transketolase |
| importance of Niacin | part of coenzymes NAD and NADP -dehydrogenases |
| what are the signs and dangers of the blood glucose level being too low | -signs of hunger, subtle neurological signs, trembling, sweating -if lower: lethargy, convulsions, coma -very low: permanent brain damage, death |
| where in the cell do the reactions of A) glycolysis and B)gluconeogenesis | A)all reactions in cytoplasm B)fist step in mitochondria(pyruvate carboxylase) rest in cytoplasm |
| describe what happens in glycolysis | glucose is converted to (2) pyruvate under production of 2 ATP and 2 NADH |
| describe what happens in gluconeogenesis | glucose is formed from two pyruvate requiring the energy of 6 ATP and reduction provided by 2 NADH |
| what happens in the preparatory phase of glycolysis | 2 ATP are invested to phosphorylate glucose which is then converted to 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate |
| what happens in the pay-off phase of glycolysis | glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to pyruvate and oxidized yeilding NADH. 2 ATP are formed |
| which reactions are irreversible in glycolysis and what are the enzymes catalyzing | -glucose -> glucose 6-P (hexokinase,glucokinase) -fructose 6-P ->fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (phosphofroctokinase-1) -phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)->pyruvate (pyruvate kinase) |
| which reactions are irreversible in gluconeogenesis and what are the enzymes catalyzing | -pyruvate->oxaloacetate(pyruvate carboxylase) -oxaloacetate->PEP (PEP carboxylase) -fructose 1,6-bisphosphate -> fructose 6-P (fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase) -glucose 6-P ->glucose (glucose 6-phosphatase) |
| what is the minimum amount of carbons needed as a precursor for gluconeogenesis | 3 |
| which enzymes of glycolysis are regulated | hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1,pyruvate kinase |
| which enzymes of gluconeogenesis are regulated | pyruvate carboxylase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose 6-phosphatase |
| define glucagon | hormone that has the function to increase blood glucose concentration |
| define gluconeogenesis | anabolic pathway that leads to the production of glucose from precursors |
| define glycogen | carbohydrate polymer consisting of glucose building blocks (branched homo) |
| define glycolysis | catabolic pathway in which glucose is broken to pyruvate under formation of ATP and NADH |
| define glycogenolysis | catabolic pathway that least to defradation of glycogen to glucose 1-phosphate |
| define glycogenesis | anabolic pathway leading to the formation of glycogen |
| define glycogenin | protein needed to start the formation of glycogen |
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