RAD160 Digestive
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| What quadrant is the liver located in? | RUQ
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| How many lobes does the liver have? | 2
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| What organ lies in the duodenal loop? | pancreas
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| Bile is needed for digestion of _____. | fats
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| Hydrochloric acid and enzymes are produced in the _____. | gastric mucosa
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| The colon has sacculations known as _____. | haustra folds
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| What is the name of the main bile duct that leads directly from the liver? | hepatic duct
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| What do the two main hepatic ducts join to form? | common hepatic duct
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| The proximal pouch like portion of the colon is called? | cecum
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| What is the name of the duct that transports bile from the gallbladder? | cystic duct
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| What flexure lies between the transverse and descending colon? | left (splenic)
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| The common hepatic duct and cystic duct join to form? | common bile duct
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| What 3 things does the pancreas produce? | pancreatic juice, glucagon, insulin
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| What are the two functions of the spleen? | produces lymphocytes, removes dead red blood cells
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| What is the outer portion of the sac lining the abdominopelvic cavity? | parietal peritoneum
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| What is the inner portion of the sac lining the abdominopelvic cavity? | visceral peritoneum
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| What is the junction between the small and large intestine? | ileocecal valve
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| What organ does Hirschsprungs disease affect? | large intestine
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| What portion of the digestive tract is most responsible for absorption of water? | colon
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| What abdominal structure produces bile? | liver
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| Alpha cells within the pancreas are responsible for secretion of _____. | glucagon
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| Failure of the pancreas to produce insulin is? | diabetes
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| The common bile duct and pancreatic duct join as they enter a chamber called the _____. | hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)
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| The folds of the peritoneum that support the abdominal organs are? | omenta and mesentery
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| What is the cavity posterior to the peritoneum? | retroperitoneum
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| The hepatopancreatic ampulla is controlled by a circular muscle known as? | sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla (Oddi)
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| What is the centering point for esophagram films? | T5/T6
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| What is the degree of obliquity for esophagram films? | 35-40 degrees
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| The Val Salva maneuver is employed to demonstrate what 2 disease processes? | hiatal hernia, esophageal varices
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| What is the degree of obliquity for radiography of the stomach? | 40-70 degrees
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| What is the best position to demonstrate the duodenal bulb and loop in the average patient? | RAO
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| What position best demonstrates the duodenal bulb filled with air? | LPO
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| What body type requires a large degree of obliquity? | hypersthenic
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| What body types require a small degree of obliquity? | asthenic, sthenic
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| Where is the CR directed for AP stomach? | midway between xiphoid & crest
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| Why is high kVp necessary for stomach radiography? | to penetrate the barium
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| Why is a short exposure time used for stomach radiography? | to eliminate motion from peristalsis
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| In the AP stomach, the fundus will be filled with _____? | barium
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| In the PA stomach, the fundus will be filled with _____? | air
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| In an RAO position of the stomach, the duodenal bulb will be filled with _____? | barium
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| In a LPO position of the stomach, the duodenal bulb will be filled with _____? | air
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| In what position will the entire stomach and duodenal bulb and loop be demonstrated? | RAO
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| Why is the Trendelenburg position used during an esophagram? | to demonstrate hiatal hernia or esophageal varices
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| What are the layers of the stomach wall from inside to outside? | mucosal, submucosal, muscular, fibrous (serosa)
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| What is the recommended oblique projection and position to best demonstrate the esophagus? | PA in RAO position
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| The esophagus originates at what vertebral level? | C6
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| What is the patient prep for a morning stomach exam? | no food or fluid after midnight
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| Food and fluid should be withheld for how many hours before a stomach exam? | 8
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| What is the expanded portion of the terminal esophagus? | cardiac antrum
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| What are the gastric folds of the stomach called? | rugae
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| Which stomach projection would best demonstrate a diaphragmatic herniation? | AP Trendelenburg
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| What is the routinely used method for examining the stomach? | single contrast
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| What are the muscles that control the opening etween the stomach and duodenum? | pyloric sphincter
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| For which body type is the stomach almost horizontal? | hypersthenic
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| For which body type is the stomach almost vertical? | asthenic
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| What is the most proximal part of the stomach? | fundus
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| What is pyloric stenosis? | narrowing of the pyloric orifice
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| What is the life threatening condition where the esophagus ends in a blind pouch? | esophageal atresia
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| What is it called when part of the stomach slips through the diaphragm into the thorax? | hiatal hernia
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| What is it called when a patient has difficulty swallowing? | dysphasia
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| What is the largest salivary gland? | parotid
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| What is peristalsis? | normal contraction waves of the digestive tract
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| A ringlike band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice is called a? | sphincter
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| Dyspepsia is? | indigestion
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| What is the distal portion of the stomach called? | pylorus
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| Food enters the stomach through the? | cardiac sphincter
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| Food exits the stomach trough the? | pyloric sphincter
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| The external layers of the digestive organs are composed of fibrous membranes called the? | serosa
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| What is the only major secretion of the esophagus? | mucus
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| The esophagus is where in relation to the trachea? | posterior
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| What connects the duodenum to the ileum? | jejunum
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| What connects the ascending colon to the descending colon? | transverse colon
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| What connects the jejunum to the cecum? | ileum
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| What connects the esophagus to the duodenum? | stomach
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| What connects the pharynx to the stomach? | esophagus
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| What connects the cystic and hepatic ducts to the duodenum? | common bile duct
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| What connects the stomach to the jejunum? | duodenum
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| What connects the rectum to the descending colon? | sigmoid
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| Which flexure is demonstrated in the RPO colon? | left colic (splenic)
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| Which flexure is demonstrated in the LPO colon? | right colic (hepatic)
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| Where is the central ray directed for a lateral film of the rectum? | on MCP at the level of ASIS
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| How and why are technical factors changed for an air contrast colon? | kVp is lowered by 15-20% because air is easier to penetrate
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| What drug is used prior to the start of air contrast colon and why? | glucagon to relax the bowel
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| The Chassard-Lapine method demonstrates what portion of the colon? | rectosigmoid
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| How and where is the CR directed for PA axial colon? | 30-40 degrees caudal, exiting ASIS
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| The lateral view of the colon demonstrates what area? | rectum
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| What position is used to insert an enema tip? | Sim's
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| What is the centering point for a PA colon? | iliac crest
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| What disease process does an air contrast colon demonstrate? | polyps
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| What filming adaptions are necessary to demonstrate the colon on a hypersthenic patient? | use two transverse IRs or center higher
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| In an air contrast exam with the patient in right lateral position, which side of descending colon has barium? | medial
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| What bony landmarks are used to locate the gallbladder? | elbow and costal angle
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| Where is the gallbladder in a sthenic patient? | at the level of the elbow
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| Where is the gallbladder in a hypersthenic patient? | high and lateral
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| Where is the gallbladder in an asthenic patient? | low and medial
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| The dosage given to the patient for gallbladder exams is determined how? | by the patient's weight
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| What two positions can be used to demonstrate layering of gallstones? | upright or decubitus
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| What view can be used to demonstrate the gallbladder if it is overlying the spine? | LAO
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| What color do calcium stones appear in an x-ray? | white
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| What color do cholesterol stones appear in an x-ray? | black
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| Which curvature is located on the medial border of the stomach? | lesser
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| What is the proximal part of the small intestine? | duodenum
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| In which abdominal region does the large intestine originate? | right iliac
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| How long does it take a barium meal to reach the ileocecal valve? and the rectum? | 2-3 hours; 24 hours
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| What position best demonstrates swallowing function in a single contrast esophagus study? | upright
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| What two recumbent oblique positions can demonstrate a barium-filled esophagus between the vertebrae and heart? | RAO and LPO
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| What is a major advantage of the double-contrast UGI over the single-contrast? | better demonstration of small lesions on the mucosal lining
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| Which body habitus produces the greatest visceral movement when moved from prone to upright? | asthenic
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| Why should lower lung fields be included in a PA projection as part of the UGI exam? | to demonstrate possible hiatal hernia
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| For a double-contrast UGI exam AP oblique projection in recumbent LPO, how will the duodenal bulb and pyloric canal appear? | gas-filled
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| For the single-contrast UGI exam with the patient recumbent, which projection produces the best image of a barium-filled pyloric canal and duodenal bulb in sthenic patients? | PA oblique in RAO
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| For the UGI exam with the patient recumbent, which projection best stimulates gastric peristalsis to demonstrate the pyloric canal and duodenal bulb? | PA oblique in RAO
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| What breathing instructions should be given for UGI radiographs? | suspend expiration
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| For the double contrast UGI exam PA oblique projection in recumbent RAO position, how will the fundus appear? | gas-filled
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| For the UGI exam with the patient recumbent, which projection best demonstrates the right retrogastric space? | right lateral
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| To what level should the CR be directed for the PA oblique in RAO as part of the UGI exam? | L1-L2
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| Which exam of the alimentary canal requires a series of radiographs to be taken at specific time intervals after ingestion of contrast? | small bowel series
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| For a small bowel series on a patient with hypomotility of the small intestine, what can be done to accelerate peristalsis? | drink a glass of ice water
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| What patient instructions should be given if cramping is experienced during filling of the large intestine for a BE? | concentrate on deep oral breathing
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| How far should the enema tip be inserted for a BE? | no more than 3.5-4"
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| For the PA projection during a BE, why should the patient be placed in a slight Trendelenburg position? | to help separate overlapping loops of the distal bowel
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| Which structures are best demonstrated with AP or PA axial projections during a BE? | sigmoid and rectum
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| How many degrees and in which direction should the CR be directed for the PA axial during BE? | 30-40 degrees caudal
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| Which structure of the large intestine is of primary interest for the PA oblique in RAO position during BE? | right colic flexure
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| What two oblique projections can demonstrate the left colic flexure during a BE? | PA oblique in LAO; AP oblique in RPO
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| What structure of the large intestine is best demonstrated if the patient is rotated 45 degrees from supine with the right side away from the table during BE? | right colic flexure
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| Which BE projection requires a 10x12 IR lengthwise at the level of ASIS? | lateral
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| Which BE projection does not require colic flexures to be included? | lateral
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