biology exam 2k12
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| what evidence supports the concept of the universal genetic code? | for almost all organisms including human,flies ,yeast and bacteria the same codons are used to code for the same amino acids
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| what are the steps of replication in the correct sequence? | unwinding-base pairing-joining
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| define semiconservative replication | method of DNA replication in which parental strands seperate, act as templates and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand
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| list the primary replication enzymes and describe the function of each | helicase unzips the DNA--RNA polymerase lays down--RNA primer lays down new nucleotides-- DNA lygase joins the newly formed DNA strands
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| list the steps of protein synthesis in the correct sequence | replication--transcription--translation
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| a mutation that causes failure to control the cell cycle can lead to_____ | cancer
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| a mutation to a______forms an oncogene that changes normal cells into cancerous cells | proto-oncogene
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| genetically modified organisms can be used to produce large quantities of medicine like insulin.this is an example of the use of_______to improve human quality of life | bio technology
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| list 5 conditions necessary for Hardy-Wienberg equilibrium | 1. No genetic drift
2. No gene flow
3. Mating must be random
4. No mutations
5. No natural selection
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| what is endosymbiosis and what evidence supports it?? | eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotic cells; mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA
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| What are the three hypotheses about the origin of life on earth? | 1. simple organic molecule in the primordial soup inhabited early earth
2. life began in deep ocean hydrothermal vents
3. Panspermia-life exists throughout the universe and is transmitted through asteroids and meteorites
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| What are the three characteristics that all primates share? | 1. opposable thumbs
2. complex brains
3. binocular vision
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| identify three basic trends in hominid evolution | 1. brain size
2. bipedalism
3. smaller teeth
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| what are three adaptations that allowed later hominid species to walk upright? | 1. restricted pelvic and foot bones
2. change in position of head and spine
3. shortened arms
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| classify man from domain to species | D= Eukarya
K= Animalia
P= Chordata
C= Mammilia
O= Primates
F= Homindae
G= Homo
S= Sapiens
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| define taxonomy | the naming and classifying of species
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| define clade | one of the branches on a cladogram or tree
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| define cladogram | a branching diagram that represents a species or group also called a taxonomic key
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| define binomial nomenclature | giving every organism a two part name 1st name is genus (capitalized). 2nd name is species (lowercase)
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| What are the six kingdoms | 1.Bacteria
2.Archaea
3.Protista
4.Fungi
5.Planate
6.Animalia
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| bryophytes | mosses (nonvascular)
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| pterophytes | ferns and horsetails-reproduce by spores(sporus)
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| gymnosperms | "naked seed" pine,spruce,and fir reproduces with a cone an has needle like leaves
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| angiosperms | "flowering plants" (rose,trees)
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| vascular plants are also called_____ | tracheophytes
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| define xylem | transports water up from the roots
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| define phloem | transports food(sugar) up and down
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| describe the relationship between stomata and guard cells | stomata are the openings in the epidermis guard cells regulate the opening and closing of the stomata
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| what is a fruit and how does it form | ripened ovary; forms primarily from the ovary wall
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| name the four lobes of the brain | frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal
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| what are the three common serious diseases of the circulatory system? | 1. astherosclerosis-->blocked arteries due to fatty deposits (cholesterol)
2.heart attack-blockage in cardiac arteries;stroke if theres blockage in the brain
3.drugs
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| name 3 controllable risk factors for heart disease and stroke | 1.diet
2.exercise
3.smoking
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| name 3 uncontrollable risk factors for heart disease and stroke | 1.age
2.genetics
3.gender
(extra)--> race
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| what is the path of sperm from the testes through fertilization | testes->epididymis ->vas deferens-> urethra-> vagina-> uterus-> oviduct
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| identify and describe the three main and 1 secondary phases of the menstrual cycle. | 1.flow phase-->menstrual flow begins(7 days)
2.follicular phase-->hormone causes the lining of the uterus to change(7 more days)
3.ovulation-->releases the egg(day 14)
4.luteal phase;breaking down the corpus luteum if fertilization doesn't take place
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| trace the path and development of the egg from fertilization to implantation | ovary> oviduct> uterus; released from the ovary fertilized in the oviduct implanted in the uterus
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| identify the milestone in the first trimester of pregnancy | all major organs are forming
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| identify the milestone in the second trimester | fetal heartbeat can be heard, lots of fetal activity
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| identify the milestone in the third trimester | rapid growth less active fetus
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| name 3 nonspecific defenses against pathogens | 1.skin
2.chemical barriers
3.cellular defense
extra--interferon and inflammation
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| what is an antibody? | proteins that specifically react with a foriegn antigen; produced by lymphocytes
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| compare and contrast humoral and cell mediated immunity | Humoral- secretes antibodies from the B cells and plasma;cell mediated- T cells are produced
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| What is a vaccine and what is it used for? | a weakened or killed pathogen; helps protect against future exposure
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| what is an antibiotic and what is it used for? | a type of medicine that specifically reacts with a foriegn antigen; fights bacteria NOT viruses
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| how have vaccines and antibiotics changed the patterns of infectious disease? | have put an end to childhood diseases
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| quantitative data is_____ | numbers
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| qualitative data is_____ | description
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| what is a symbiotic relationship? | when two or more species live together
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| in the symbiotic relationship mutualism what happens to the species? | both benefit
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| in the symbiotic relationship commensalism what happens to the species? | 1 benefits and the other isn't affected
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| in the symbiotic relationship parasitism what happens to the species? | 1 benefits and the other is hurt or killed
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| define ecological succession | change in an ecosystem
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| define biodiversity | variety of life
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| loss of habitat is known as______ | habitat fragmentation
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| explain biological magnification | the increase in concentration of toxic substances in organisms higher in the food chain
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| define eutrophication | destruction of under water habitats
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| covalent bonds | share electrons
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| ionic bonds | give up electrons
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| define elements | pure substances that can not be broken down
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| macro molecules are also known as_____ | polymers
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| define hydrolysis | the process of adding water and break apart organic molecules
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| define dehydration synthesis | the process of adding organic molecules and subtracting water
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| describe a compound light microscope | 2 lenses; useful for viewing up to 1,000
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| describe a electron microscope | uses a beam of electrons up to 1 million x
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| describe a scanning electron microscope (SEM) | studies the surface of cells; non living organisms only
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| describe a transmission electron microscope (TEM) | studies internal structures; non living organisms only
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| describe a dissecting microscope | also called a stereoscopic microscope; used for larger specimens allows you to see a 3d image, and has 2 eypieces
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| define exocytosis | large particles exit membrane
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| define endocytosis | large particles enter membrane
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| define phagocytosis | food particles enter membrane
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| define pinocytosis | liquid particles enter membrane
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