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biology exam 2k12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what evidence supports the concept of the universal genetic code? | for almost all organisms including human,flies ,yeast and bacteria the same codons are used to code for the same amino acids |
| what are the steps of replication in the correct sequence? | unwinding-base pairing-joining |
| define semiconservative replication | method of DNA replication in which parental strands seperate, act as templates and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand |
| list the primary replication enzymes and describe the function of each | helicase unzips the DNA--RNA polymerase lays down--RNA primer lays down new nucleotides-- DNA lygase joins the newly formed DNA strands |
| list the steps of protein synthesis in the correct sequence | replication--transcription--translation |
| a mutation that causes failure to control the cell cycle can lead to_____ | cancer |
| a mutation to a______forms an oncogene that changes normal cells into cancerous cells | proto-oncogene |
| genetically modified organisms can be used to produce large quantities of medicine like insulin.this is an example of the use of_______to improve human quality of life | bio technology |
| list 5 conditions necessary for Hardy-Wienberg equilibrium | 1. No genetic drift 2. No gene flow 3. Mating must be random 4. No mutations 5. No natural selection |
| what is endosymbiosis and what evidence supports it?? | eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotic cells; mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA |
| What are the three hypotheses about the origin of life on earth? | 1. simple organic molecule in the primordial soup inhabited early earth 2. life began in deep ocean hydrothermal vents 3. Panspermia-life exists throughout the universe and is transmitted through asteroids and meteorites |
| What are the three characteristics that all primates share? | 1. opposable thumbs 2. complex brains 3. binocular vision |
| identify three basic trends in hominid evolution | 1. brain size 2. bipedalism 3. smaller teeth |
| what are three adaptations that allowed later hominid species to walk upright? | 1. restricted pelvic and foot bones 2. change in position of head and spine 3. shortened arms |
| classify man from domain to species | D= Eukarya K= Animalia P= Chordata C= Mammilia O= Primates F= Homindae G= Homo S= Sapiens |
| define taxonomy | the naming and classifying of species |
| define clade | one of the branches on a cladogram or tree |
| define cladogram | a branching diagram that represents a species or group also called a taxonomic key |
| define binomial nomenclature | giving every organism a two part name 1st name is genus (capitalized). 2nd name is species (lowercase) |
| What are the six kingdoms | 1.Bacteria 2.Archaea 3.Protista 4.Fungi 5.Planate 6.Animalia |
| bryophytes | mosses (nonvascular) |
| pterophytes | ferns and horsetails-reproduce by spores(sporus) |
| gymnosperms | "naked seed" pine,spruce,and fir reproduces with a cone an has needle like leaves |
| angiosperms | "flowering plants" (rose,trees) |
| vascular plants are also called_____ | tracheophytes |
| define xylem | transports water up from the roots |
| define phloem | transports food(sugar) up and down |
| describe the relationship between stomata and guard cells | stomata are the openings in the epidermis guard cells regulate the opening and closing of the stomata |
| what is a fruit and how does it form | ripened ovary; forms primarily from the ovary wall |
| name the four lobes of the brain | frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal |
| what are the three common serious diseases of the circulatory system? | 1. astherosclerosis-->blocked arteries due to fatty deposits (cholesterol) 2.heart attack-blockage in cardiac arteries;stroke if theres blockage in the brain 3.drugs |
| name 3 controllable risk factors for heart disease and stroke | 1.diet 2.exercise 3.smoking |
| name 3 uncontrollable risk factors for heart disease and stroke | 1.age 2.genetics 3.gender (extra)--> race |
| what is the path of sperm from the testes through fertilization | testes->epididymis ->vas deferens-> urethra-> vagina-> uterus-> oviduct |
| identify and describe the three main and 1 secondary phases of the menstrual cycle. | 1.flow phase-->menstrual flow begins(7 days) 2.follicular phase-->hormone causes the lining of the uterus to change(7 more days) 3.ovulation-->releases the egg(day 14) 4.luteal phase;breaking down the corpus luteum if fertilization doesn't take place |
| trace the path and development of the egg from fertilization to implantation | ovary> oviduct> uterus; released from the ovary fertilized in the oviduct implanted in the uterus |
| identify the milestone in the first trimester of pregnancy | all major organs are forming |
| identify the milestone in the second trimester | fetal heartbeat can be heard, lots of fetal activity |
| identify the milestone in the third trimester | rapid growth less active fetus |
| name 3 nonspecific defenses against pathogens | 1.skin 2.chemical barriers 3.cellular defense extra--interferon and inflammation |
| what is an antibody? | proteins that specifically react with a foriegn antigen; produced by lymphocytes |
| compare and contrast humoral and cell mediated immunity | Humoral- secretes antibodies from the B cells and plasma;cell mediated- T cells are produced |
| What is a vaccine and what is it used for? | a weakened or killed pathogen; helps protect against future exposure |
| what is an antibiotic and what is it used for? | a type of medicine that specifically reacts with a foriegn antigen; fights bacteria NOT viruses |
| how have vaccines and antibiotics changed the patterns of infectious disease? | have put an end to childhood diseases |
| quantitative data is_____ | numbers |
| qualitative data is_____ | description |
| what is a symbiotic relationship? | when two or more species live together |
| in the symbiotic relationship mutualism what happens to the species? | both benefit |
| in the symbiotic relationship commensalism what happens to the species? | 1 benefits and the other isn't affected |
| in the symbiotic relationship parasitism what happens to the species? | 1 benefits and the other is hurt or killed |
| define ecological succession | change in an ecosystem |
| define biodiversity | variety of life |
| loss of habitat is known as______ | habitat fragmentation |
| explain biological magnification | the increase in concentration of toxic substances in organisms higher in the food chain |
| define eutrophication | destruction of under water habitats |
| covalent bonds | share electrons |
| ionic bonds | give up electrons |
| define elements | pure substances that can not be broken down |
| macro molecules are also known as_____ | polymers |
| define hydrolysis | the process of adding water and break apart organic molecules |
| define dehydration synthesis | the process of adding organic molecules and subtracting water |
| describe a compound light microscope | 2 lenses; useful for viewing up to 1,000 |
| describe a electron microscope | uses a beam of electrons up to 1 million x |
| describe a scanning electron microscope (SEM) | studies the surface of cells; non living organisms only |
| describe a transmission electron microscope (TEM) | studies internal structures; non living organisms only |
| describe a dissecting microscope | also called a stereoscopic microscope; used for larger specimens allows you to see a 3d image, and has 2 eypieces |
| define exocytosis | large particles exit membrane |
| define endocytosis | large particles enter membrane |
| define phagocytosis | food particles enter membrane |
| define pinocytosis | liquid particles enter membrane |
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cardonaalex21
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