Intro to communication Final
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| The process by which we use signs, symbols and behaviors to exchange information and create meaning. | Communication
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| One way process | action model
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| encode | to put your idea in the form of language or a gesture that someone can understand.
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| message | consists of the verbal and/or nonverbal elements of communication to which people give meaning.
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| a type of pathway for conveying messages | channel
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| to interpret | decode
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| receiver | the person who will decode the message
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| noise | anything that interferes with a reciver's ability to attend to your message.
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| various verbal and nonverbal responses to your message | feedback
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| the environment that you're in | context
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| channel-rich contexts | environments that incorporate multiple communication channels at once.
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| channel-lean contexts | environments that use relatively fewer channels.
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| a representation of an idea | symbol
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| communication about communication | meta-communication
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| explicit rules | someone has clearly articulated them
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| implicit rules | rules that almost everyone in a certain social group knows and follows, even though no one has formally articulated them.
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| communication you have with yourself | intrapersonalcommunication
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| communication that occurs between two people in the context of their ongoing relationship. | interpersonal Communication
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| small group communication | communication in groups of 3-20 people
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| public communication | occurs when we speak or write to an audience that is larger than a small group
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| communicating in ways that are effective and appropriate in a given situation. | communication competence
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| the ability to understand other people's thoughts and feelings | empathy
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| Culture | the totality of learned shared symbols, language, values and norms that distinguish one group of people from another
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| Societies | groups of people who share common symbols, language, value and norms.
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| In-group | groups of people with which a person identifies.
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| Out-groups | groups of people with which a person does not identify
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| Ethnicity | our perception of our ancestry or heritage.
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| Nationality | our status as a citizen of a particular country.
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| Enculturation | the process of acquiring a culture.
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| Co-cultures | groups of people who share values, customs, and norms related to mutual intrests or characteristics besides their national citizenship.
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| Values | the standards it uses to judge how good, desirable, or beautiful something is.
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| Norms | rules or expectations that guide people’s behavior in a culture.
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| Jargon | terminology that is understood only by others in the same co-culture.
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| Individualistic culture | people believe that their primary responsibility is to themselves.
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| Collectivistic culture | people are taught that their primary responsibility is to their families, their communities, and their employers.
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| Low-context culture | people are expected to be direct, to say what they mean, and to not “beat around the bush”.
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| High-context culture | taught to speak in a much less direct way than individuals in a low-context culture.
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| Low-power distance culture | the belief that all men and women are created equal and that no one person or group should have excessive power.
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| High-power distance culture | power is distributed less evenly; certain groups, such as the royal family or the members of the ruling political party, have great power, and the average citizen has much less.
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| Masculine culture | values ambition, achievement, and the acquisition of material goods.
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| Feminine culture | values nurturance, quality of life, and service to others.
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| Monochromic | time as a commodity
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| Polychromic | time as more holistic and fluid and less structured.
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| Uncertainty avoidance | the extent to which people try to avoid situations that are unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable.
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| Mindful | aware of how their behaviors and ways of thinking are likely to differ from our own.
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| Similarity assumption | we presume that most people think the same way we do, without asking ourselves whether that’s true.
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| Ethnocentrism | the tendency to judge other cultures’ practices as inferior to one’s own.
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| Communication codes | verbal and nonverbal behaviors whose meanings are often understood only by people from the same culture
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| Idiom | a phrase whose meaning is purely figurative
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| Gestures | movements, usually of the hand or arm, that express ideas.
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| Ambiguity | lack of certainty
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| Adapt | to change your behavior to accommodate what others are doing.
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| Perception | the process of making meaning from what we experience in the world around us.
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| Selection | the process by which your mind and body help you isolate certain stimuli to pay attention to.
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| Organization | the classification of information in some way.
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| Perceptual schema | a mental framework for organizing information into categories.
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| Interpretation | to figure out its meaning for you
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| Stereotype | a generalization about a group or category of people that can have a powerful influence on how we perceive other people and their communication behavior.
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| Primacy effect | first impressions are critical because they set the tone for all future interactions.
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| Recency effect | the most recent impression we have of a person’s communication is more powerful than our earlier impressions.
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| Perceptual set | a person’s predisposition to perceive only what he or she wants or expects to perceive.
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| Attribution | an explanation
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| Self-serving bias | relates primarily to how we explain our own behaviors, refers to our tendency to attribute our successes to stable, internal causes while attributing our failures to unstable, external causes.
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| Fundamental attribution error | we attribute other people’s behaviors to internal rather than external causes.
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| Self-concept | composed of those stable ideas about who you are
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| Identity | you understanding of who you are.
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| Self-fulfilling prophecy | a situation in which an expectation prompts you to act and communicate in ways that make that expectation come true.
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| Facework | the behaviors we use to project that image to others
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| Face | our desired public image
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| Face needs | important components of our desired public image
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| Language | a structured system of symbols used for communicating meaning.
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| Denotative meaning | the literal meaning
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| Connotative meaning | the ideas or concepts that the word suggests in addition to its literal meaning
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| Norm of reciprocity | when someone gives you some type of gift or resource, you are expected to return the favor.
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| Social validation principle | people will comply with requests if they believe that others are also complying.
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| Euphemism | a vague, mild expression that symbolizes and substitutes for something that is blunter or harsher.
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| Nonverbal communication | behaviors and characteristics that convey meaning without the use of words.
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| Nonverbal channels | the various behavioral forms that nonverbal communication takes
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| Oculesics | the study of eye behavior, as a separate nonverbal channel
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| Kinesics | the study of movement
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| Gesticulation | the use of arm and hand movements to communicate
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| Emblems | any gesture that have a direct verbal translation
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| Illustrators | gestures that go along with a verbal message to clarify it.
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| Affect display | gestures that communicate emotion
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| Regulators | gestures that control the flow of conversation
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| Adaptors | gestures you use to satisfy some personal need
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| Haptics | the study of how we use touch to communicate
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| Vocalics | speaking with a particular tone of voice to suggest that you are irritated, amused or bored
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| Olfactics | study of the sense of smell
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| Proxemics | the study of the use of space
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| Intimate distance | the zone of space willingly occupied only with intimate friends, family members, and romantic partners.
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| Personal distance | the zone of space occupied with close friends and relatives.
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| Social distance | the zone of space occupied with casual acquaintances
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| Public distance | the zone of space maintained during a public presentation.
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| Halo effect a predisposition to attribute positive qualities to physically attractive people. |
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| Chronemics | the use of time
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| Artifacts | objects and visual features that reflect a person’s identity and preferences
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| Listening | the active process of making meaning out of another person’s spoken message.
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| Hearing | the sensory process of receiving and perceiving sounds
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| Attending | paying attention to someone’s words well enough to understand what that person is trying to communicate.
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| HURIER model | a model describing the stages of effective listening as hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, and responding.
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| Informational listening | listening to learn
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| Critical listening | listening to evaluate or to analyze
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| Empathetic listening | listening to experience what the speaker thinks or feels.
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| Pseudolistening | pretending to listen.
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| Selective attention | listening only to what one wants to hear and ignoring the rest
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| Information overload | the state of being overwhelmed by the enormous amount of information encountered each day.
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| Glazing over | daydreaming or allowing the mind to wander while another person is speaking.
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| Rebuttal tendency | the propensity to debate a speaker’s point and formulate a reply while that person is still speaking
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| Closed-mindedness | the tendency not to listen to anything with which one disagrees.
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| Competitive interrupting | the practice of using interruptions to take control of the conversation
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| Confirmation bias | the tendency to pay attention only to information that supports one’s values and beliefs, while discounting or ignoring information that does not.
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| Vividness effect | the tendency of dramatic, shocking events to distort one’s perceptions of reality.
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| Skepticism | an attitude that involves raising questions or having doubts.
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| Need to belong theory | a psychological theory proposing a fundamental human inclination to bond with others
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| Attraction theory | a theory that explains why individuals are drawn to others.
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| Interpersonal attraction | the force that draws people together.
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| Physical attraction | attraction to someone’s appearance
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| Social attraction | attraction to someone’s personality
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| Task attraction | attraction to someone’s abilities or dependability.
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| Proximity | closeness, as in how closely together people live or work.
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| Complementarity | the beneficial provision by another person of a quality that one lacks
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| Uncertainty reduction theory | theory suggesting that people find uncertainty to be unpleasant, so they are motivated to reduce their uncertainty by getting to know others.
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| Social exchange theory | theory suggesting that people seek to maintain relationships in which their benefits outweigh their cost.
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| Self-disclosure | act of intentionally giving others information about oneself that believes is true but thinks others don’t already have
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| Social penetration theory | indicates that the depth and breadth of self-disclosure helps us learn about a person we’re getting to know.
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| Breadth | the range of topics one discusses with various people
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| Interdependence | the state in which what happens tone person affects everyone else in the relationship
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| Dialectical tensions | conflicts between two important but opposing relational needs or desires.
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| Polygamy | the state of having two or more romantic partners at once
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| Monogamy | the state of being in only one romantic relationship at a time and avoiding romantic or sexual involvement with others outside that relationship
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| Initiating stage | the stage of relationship development at which people meet and interact for the first time
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| Experimenting stage | the stage of relationship development at which people converse to learn more about each other.
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| Intensifying stage | the stage of relationship development at which people move from being acquaintance to being close friends.
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| Integrating stage | the stage of relationship development at which a deep commitment has formed and the partners share a strong sense that the relationship has its own identity
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| Bonding stage | the stage of relationship development at which partners make a public announcement of their commitment to each other.
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| Communication privacy management theory | a theory explaining how people in relationships negotiate the tension between disclosing information and keeping it private
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| Differentiating stage | the stage of relationship dissolution at which partners begin to view their differences as undesirable or annoying.
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| Circumscribing stage | partners begin to decrease the quality and quantity of their communication with each other
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| Stagnating stage | the relationship stops growing and the partners feel as if they are just “going through the motions.”
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| Avoiding stage | partners create physical and emotional distance from each other.
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| Terminating stage | the relationship is officially deemed to be over
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| Family of origin | the family in which one grows up, usually consisting of parents and siblings.
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| Family of procreation | the family one starts as an adult, usually consisting of a spouse or romantic partner and children.
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| Family rituals | repetitive activities that have special meaning to the family.
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| Confirming messages | behaviors that convey how much another person is valued
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| Disconfirming messages | behaviors that imply a lack of respect or value of others.
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| Stonewalling | withdrawing from a conversation
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| Cohesion | the force by which the members of a group work together in the service of a common goal.
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| Resources | entitles that enable a group to be productive.
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| Synergy | a collaboration that produces more than the sum of its parts.
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| Social loafing | the tendency of some members of a group to contribute less to the group than the average member does, particularly as the group grows in size.
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| Brainstorming | an idea-generating process in which group members offer whatever ideas they wish before any are debated.
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| Nominal group technique | an idea-generating process in which group members generate their initial ideas silently and independently and then combine tem and consider them as a group.
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| Ideawritng | each member adds three or four ideas to a pile and then offers comments on others’ ideas. Afterward, members respond to comments made about their ideas and generate a master list of ideas worth of consideration.
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| Unanimous consensus | uncontested support for a decision sometimes the only option in a group’s decision-making process.
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| Stalemate | an outcome where members’ opinions are so sharply divided that consensus is impossible to achieve.
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| False consensus | an outcome where some members of a group say they support the unanimous decision even though they do not.
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| Majority rule | a decision- making process that follows the will of the majority.
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| Minority rule | a small number of members makes a decision on behalf of the group.
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| Expert opinion | recommendations of individuals who have expertise in a particular area that are sometimes the basis of a group’s decision-making process.
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| Authority rule | the leader of the group makes the decisions.
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| Traits | defining characteristics of a person that are often relatively enduring and not easily changeable.
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| Extroversion | people who are friendly, assertive, and outgoing with others.
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| Introversion | people who are shy, reserved, and aloof
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| Communication apprehension | anxiety or fear about communicating with others
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| Democratic style | every member of a group has the right to participate in decision making.
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| Autocratic style | leader see themselves as having both the authority and responsibility to take action on the group’s behalf
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| Reward power | based on the leader’s ability to reward another for doing what the leaders says
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| Laissez-faire style | leaders offer minimal supervision
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| Coercive power | a form of power that comes from the ability to punish
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| Referent power | a form of power that derives from attraction to the leader
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| Legitimate power | a form of power in which leaders’ status or position gives them the right to make requests with which others must comply
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| Expert power | a form of power that stems from having expertise in particular area.
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| Informational power | a form of power that stems from the ability to control access to information.
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| Groupthink | a situation in which group members seek unanimous agreement despite their individual doubts.
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