CST 229 Chapter 8 Vocabulary
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| Perception | the process of selecting cues quickly from the environment, organizing them into a coherent pattern and labeling such a pattern, and interpreting that pattern in accordance to our expectation
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| Selective Attention Process | is used when we pick out cues quickly and especially selecting social stimuli or cues that grab our attention
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| Selective Organization and Labeling Process | is used when we organize our perceptions by grouping similar objects, people, or things together and labeling them with a symbol or name
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| Selective Interpretation | is when we attach meanings to the data we receive, and this meaning construction process often reflects our expectations and biases
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| Ethnocentrism | means that we consider the views and standards of our own ingroup as more important than those of any outgroup
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| Distance of Indifference (Low Ethnocentrism) | reflects the lack of sensitivity in our verbal and nonverbal interactions in dealing with dissimilar others
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| Distance of Avoidance (Moderate Ethnocentrism) | reflects attempted linguistic or dialect switching int he presence of outgroup members, as well as displayed nonverbal inattention to accentuate ingroup connection and avoidance of outgroup members
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| Distance of Disparagement (High Ethnocentrism) | refers to the use of racist jokes or hatefilled speech used to downgrade outgroup members
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| Denial of Cultural Difference | the state in which one's own cultural difference is experienced as the only real one
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| Defense Against Cultural Difference | the state in which one's own culture (or adopted culture) is experienced as the only good one
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| Minimalization of Cultural Difference | the state in which elements of one's own culture are viewed as "universals"
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| Acceptance of Cultural Difference | the state in which one's own culture is experienced as one of many possible diverse and complex cultural experiences
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| Adaptation of Cultural Difference | the state in which the experience of another culture yields perceptual shifting - seeing things from the other cultural angle- and also behavioral adaptation appropriate to that cultural frame of reference
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| Integration of Cultural Difference | the state in which the individual intentionally incorporates diverse cultural worldviews into one's identity and is able to transform polarized value sets into complementary value sets
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| Stereotype | exaggerated pictures we create about a group of people on the basis of our inflexible beliefs and expectations about the characteristics or behaviors of the group
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| Inflexible Stereotyping (Mindless Stereotyping) | holds on to preconceived and negative stereotypes by operating on automatic pilot
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| Flexible Stereotyping (Mindful Stereotyping) | refers to treating our own stereotypic images as the "first-best guesses" and being aware that we are engaging in stereotyping others based on overgeneralizations or overexaggerated images because of unfamiliarity or ignorance
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| Ingroup Communication | happens whenever individuals belonging to one group interact, collectively or individually, with another group or its members in terms of their ingroup identification
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| Ingroup Favoritism Principle | states that there is positive attachment to and predisposition for norms that are related to one's ingroup
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| Attributions | the explanations, causes, or reasons we ascribe to why people behave the way they behave or why certain events happen
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| Fundamental Attribution Error | occurs when we trend to engage in cognitively biased explanations by overestimating negative personality traits in explaining a stranger's undesirable actions and underestimating external, situational factors
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| Principle of Negativity | occurs when we typically place more emphasis on negative information concerning our competitors or outgroup members
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| Favorable Self-Bias and Other-Derogation Principle | the tendency to favor ourselves and our ingroup in explaining our success and to create belittling explanation for others' or outgroups members' successes
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| Self-Effacement Bias | refers to the attributional explanation of individuals to use self-humbling or self-modesty interpretation to explain the failed events caused by their lack of ability or oversight
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| Prejudice | describes an individual's feelings and predispositions toward outgroup members in a pejorative or negative direction
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| Exploitation Theory | views power as a scarce resource
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| Scapegoating Theory | suggests prejudiced individuals believe that they are the victims of society
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| Authoritarian Personality Approach | emphasizes personality features of the individual, including a rigid observance of conventional norms, complete acceptance of authority, and a high concern for those in power
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| Structural Approach | stresses the climate in one's society whereby institutions promote a "pecking order" among group members
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| Isolate Discrimination | harmful verbal and nonverbal action is intentionally targeted toward an outgroup member
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| Small-Group Discrimination | when a band of individuals from an outgroup engages in hostile and abusive actions against outgroup members
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| Direct Institutional Discrimination | occurs when there is a community-prescribed endorsement of discrimination
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| Indirect Institutional Discrimination | a broad practice that indirectly affects group members without intending to
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| Racial Profiling | the singling out of one particular ethnic group in a police investigation
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| Racism | occurs when members of the majority group present their group in a positive light and the minority in a negative light
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| Hate Crime | typically motivated by hostility to the victim as a member of a group
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