CST 229 Chapter 6 Vocabulary
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| Language | an arbitrary, symbolic system that labels and categorizes objects, events, groups, people, ideas, feelings, experiences, and many other phenomena
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| Denotative Meaning | emphasizes its objective, dictionary definition shared and recognized by the majority members of a linguistic community
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| Connotative Meaning | stresses the subjective, interpretive meanings of a word constructed by individual members based on their cultural and personalized language experience
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| Phonological Rules (Phonology) | refer to the different accepted procedures for combining phonemes
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| Phonemes | the smallest sound units of a word
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| Accent | the inflection or tone of voice that is taken to be characteristic of an individual
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| Morphological Rules (Morphology) | refers to how combinations of different sounds make up a meaningful word or part of a word
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| Syntactic Rules (Syntactics) | refer to how words are sequenced together in accordance with the grammatical practices of the linguistic community
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| Semantic Rules (Semantics) | concern the features of meaning we attach to words
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| Pragmatic Rules (Pragmatics) | refer to the contextual rules that govern language usage in a particular culture
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| Speech Community | a group of individuals who share a common set of normative expectations and communication rules regarding appropriate or inappropriate interaction practices in a community
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| Inductive Reasoning | refers to the importance of facts and evidence to make a claim
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| Deductive Reasoning | refers to the primacy of conceptual models or big principles to start and then moves on to specific analytical points of inferences and factual conclusions
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| Linear Worldview | emphasizes rational or analytical thinking that is based on an objective reality
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| Relational Worldview | emphasizes holistic or connected thinking that is based on a contextual reality
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| Relational Worldview | emphasizes the importance of concerns about relational loyalty and trust, extended family connections, and ingroup membership dignity and honor
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| Dramatic Spiral Reasoning | style that includes effusive metaphors, stories, parables, and wide range of flowery adjectives to reinforce a point
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| Understated Spiral Reasoning | style that includes subtle messages, implied hints, reserved talks, relational reasons, and tactful nonverbal gestures to convey an intended meaning and context
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| Low-Context Communication | the emphasis is on how intention or meaning is expressed through explicit verbal messages
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| High-Context Communication | the emphasis is on how intention or meaning can best be conveyed through the embedded contexts and the nonverbal channels of the verbal message
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| Direct Style | statements tend to reveal the speaker's intentions with clarity and are enunciated with a forthright tone of voice
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| Indirect Style | statements tend to camouflage the speaker's actual intentions and are carried out with a softer tone
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| Self-Enhancement Style | emphasizes the importance of drawing attention to or exaggerating one's credentials, outstanding accomplishments, and special abilities
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| Self-Humbling Style | emphasizes the importance of downplaying oneself via modest talk, restraint, hesitation, and the use of self-deprecation message concerning one's performance or effort
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