HKIN 198
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| Motor behaviour: | study of psychological and physiological processes affecting motor performance
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| Motor performance: | always observable. influenced by many factors (motivation, attention, physical conditioning)
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| Motor control: | study of the neurophysiological factors that affect human movement
Focuses on the UNDERSTANDING of the execution of the process (that lead to himan skills and movement)
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| Motor learning: | the study of practice in acquiring and perfecting skills
Focuses on the WAY processes are developed
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| Motor development: | the study of changes in motor behaviour which reflect the interaction of the maturation and the environment
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| Reflective movements: | simplest movements in human body
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| CNS -central nervous system | brain and spinal cord
responsible for integrated and complicated set of communications that allow us to feel, think, respond and react.
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| PNS -peripheral nervous system | all nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord.
sensory division--visceral/somatic
motor division--visceral--sympathetic/parasympathetic
--somatic
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| Nerves consist of: MYELINATED AXONS | carry:
-sensory info to CNS
-motor info from CNS (to muscles and glands
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| afferent: | Toward
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| Efferent: | Away from
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| Soma: | control centre of neuron.
single, central nucleus with a large nucleates
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| Dendrites: | primary site to receive signals from neurons. (one or many)
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| Axon Hilocks: | where axons originate and signals are summated
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| Axon: | specialized for rapid conduction of nerve signals
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| Terminal end: | extensive complex of 5 branches ending with a synaptic knob
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| Propagation: | as the electrical current goes through the axon there is action potential that spikes when the NA+ channel opens and releases NA+ into the cell.. followed by the opening and release of K+.
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| Action Potential: | short-lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls (ie:muscle cells=first step to contraction)
...occurs with propagation
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| Synapse-chemical | structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell
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| hindbrain/brainstem: | sets rythem of breathing and controls rate and force of breathing movements and heartbeat
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| medulla: | responsible for breathing, HR, posture
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| pons: | wider part of brainstem
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| Cerebellum: | important for motor control.
involved with skeletal muscle function (movement patterns.
posture and balance.
regulates force, rate and range of movements
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| Midbrain :above pons | reticular formation: loosely organized web of gry matter that runs vertically along all levels of the brain stream.
Responsible for alertness, arousal and consciousness.
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| Forebrain: | structures that arise from the Embryonic Dieneephalon
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| Thalamus | integration centre (sensory inputs pass).
relay centre for sensory and motor information.
continue to cortex and cerebellum
gateway to cerebral cortex
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| Hypothalamus: | neural and hormonal functions effect constancy of internal body environment.
governs body temp. appetite.
responsible for sleep and circadian rhythms
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| Cerebrum: | largest part of human brain.
complex, not entirely understood
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| Frontal lobe: | voluntary motor, motivation, foresight, planning, memory, mood, emotion, social judgement
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| Parietal lobe: | recieving and interpreting signals for task and some visual processing
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| Occipital lobe: | visual centre of brain
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| Temporal lobe: | hearing, smell, learning, memory, vision, emotion
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| Insula: | spoken language, taste, integrating, some sensory information
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| Neural Integration: | carried out in grey matter of cerebrum
1. cerebral cortex
2. basal nuclei
3.limbic system
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| 1. cerebral cortex: | outermost neural tissue (surface)
memory, attention, perceptual awareness
3 parts= sensory, motor, association
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| 2. Basal Nuclei: | mass of cerebral grey matter buried in white
not 100% understood
modifies commands
Parkinsons affects this area
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| 3. Limbic System: | emotion and learning
involved in gratification and aversion
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| EEG: | electoencephalogram:
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| Sleep: | a temporary state of unconsciousness
occurs in a circadian cycle/rhythm
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| Stages of sleep: | Alpha waves-drowsy, relaxed
light sleep
moderate to deep sleep (20 min in) Theta and Delta waves
Slow wave to deep
REM--this happens 5 times a night
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| cognition: | range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge--- sensory perception, thought, reasoning, judgement, memory
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| Emotion: | not exclusively cerebral functions-- interactions with prefrontal and diecephalon
feeling= from limbic system and hypothalamus
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| Sensation: | primary sensory cortex sites
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| Special senses | limited to head --employ complex sense organs
vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, smell
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| Language: | reading, writing, speaking, understanding
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| Wernicke area: | recognition of spoken and written language
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| Broca area: | speech planning and preparation
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| Aphasia: | language deficit resulting in lesions (slow and difficult speech formation
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| Memory: | cognitive function --special attention
info management and learning
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| Amnesia: | defects in declarative memory
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| Anteroamnesia: | unable to store new info
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| Retroamnesia: | unable to recall past knowledge
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| Synaptic Plasticity: | physical basis
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| Motor control: | intension to contract skeletal muscle begins in motor association.
transmitted to --precentral gyrus--brainstem and spinal cord
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| Cerebral Lateralization: (left) | categorical
spoken and written language
linear thought processes
sequential and analytical
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| Cerebral Lateralization: (right) | representational
perceives info in a more integrate and holistic way
imagination/insight, musical, artistic, pattern/spatial relationship
non-linear
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| Sense organs | nervous tissue and others that enhance responses to certain stimulus
simple and complex
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| Receptore | structure specialized to detect stimulus
-some are simple, bare nerve endings, others complex
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| Purpose of Receptors: | transduction
initial response=small electrical charge
transmits 4 kinds of info:
1. modality
2. location
3. intensity
4. duration
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| modality | refers to type/sensation it produces (vision, hearing, taste)
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| Location: | any sensory neuron detects stimuli in 'receptive field'
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| Intensity: | 3 ways encoded:
1. stimulus inten. rises, firing frequencies of nerve fibers rise
2. intense stimuli recruit greater number of nerve fibres to fire
3. weak stimuli activate only most sensitive nerve fibres. Strong stimuli have a broader range to activa
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| Duration | 'sensory adaptation'. if prolonged, firing of neuron slows and we become less aware
phasic: generate quick bursts of action potentials
tonic: adapt alowly. generate signals steadily
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| classifications by stimulus modality: | a) thermoreceptors: respond to heat and cold
b) photoreceptors: how the eyes respond to light
c) nociceptors: how body responds to tissue injury
d) mechanoreceptors: physical deformation of cell or tissue
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| classification by origin of stimulus: | a) exteroceptors: external sense stimuli
b) interceptors: internal organs sense stimuli
c) proprioceptors: sense position or movement of body or its parts
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| classification by distribution of receptors: | 2 broad classes:
a) general --employ receptors widely distributed
b) special-- limited to head, complex, sense organs
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| Discrete: | specific, brief (catch..)
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| Continuous: | repetative and rhythmic, ongoing (hammering)
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| Serial: | linked together skills -- ordered (shifting gears) (swimming)
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| Motor skill: | task/performance used to distinguish skill level...
1. goal to achieve
2. voluntarily performed
3. requires body and limb movement
4. learned..
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| Cognitive skill: | decision-making =MAX
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| open= | unpredictable and variable
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| closed= | predictable and stable
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| Gentile's 2D taxonomy: | 1. environmental (open and closed) conditions dont change
2. Required actions
a) movement involve body movement?
b) movement involve manipulation?
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| Application Allows: | 1. evaluation of capabilities/ future therapy
2. Selection of functionally appropriate activities
3. charting of progress
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| Stages of performance and learning: | 1. performance proficiency: bring same result with max certainty
focus= max certainty -- skill on demand = success
min energy expenditure -- do mroe with less.. more energy
min movement time -- quick in short time. haste = erro
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| Implicit | repetition
segment training
4 laws:
1. explanation
2. demonstration
3. limitation
4. repetition
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| Abilities: | inherited, stable, few
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| Skill: | developed, modified, many
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