WGU Foundations of Teaching
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| Testing Movement | begin in early 1900s. G. Stanley Hall and others believed that students' intellectual capacities measured in testing/laboratory situations were significant in every day life = set stage for intelligence/standardized testing.
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| The Smith-Lever Act (1914) | partnership between U.S. Dept. of Agriculture and land-grant universities to provide funding for adult training in farming, home ec. and vocational ed.
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| Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925) | U.S. Supreme Court ruled an Oregon law requiring students to attend public school was unconstitutional = school choice.
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| Works Progress Administration (WPA) - 1935 | Provided economic relief during the Great Depression and training to adult males to prepare them for work in the needed sectors.
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| The Servicemen's Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill) - 1944 | Provided for college/vocational ed. for returning WWII veterans.
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| Life Adjustment Movement - 1950s | High schools expected to teach "life skills" - especially for students not planning to attend post high school training/education.
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| Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka - 1954 | U.S. Supreme Court rules that separate facilities for Black and White students are inherently unequal = called for integration of schools.
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| National Defense Act (NDEA) - 1958 | Passed in response to the Russian launch of Sputnik satellite; appropriated federal funds to improve education in areas considered crucial to national defense/security: math, foreign language, and science.
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| manpower Development and Training Act - 1962 | mandated funding to educate thousands of people unemployed because of automation/technological advances so they would be marketable in these fields.
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| Job Corps Established - 1964 | A no-cost educational/vocational training program administered by the U.S. Dept. of labor that helps people ages 16 - 24 get a better job, make more money, and take control of their lives. Part of the Economic Opportunity Act.
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| Project Head Start - 1964 | A federal compensatory preschool education program created to help disadvantaged 3 and 4 year old students enter elementary school "ready to learn.'
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| Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) - 1965 | part of Pres. Johnson's "War on Poverty.' Provides funding for special programs for children of low-income families in grades k through 12. has been reauthorized by Congress every 5 years since its inception.
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| Title I (Chapter I) | Created under ESEA; provides financial assistance to local educational agencies serving areas with concentrations of children from low-income families for compensatory programs
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| Serrano v. Priest (1971) | CA State Supreme Court ruled that the level of educational opportunities available to students may not depend on the taxable wealth of a school district, but on the taxable wealth of the state as a whole (Equal Protection Clause).
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| Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) | Supreme Court established the "Lemon test", detailing requirements for legislation concerning religion. 3 prongs:(1) serves a legitimate secular purpose; (2) neither advances/inhibits religion; (3) doesn't result in gov. entanglement with religion.
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| San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez - 1973 | Supreme Court ruled that reliance on property taxes to fund public schools does not violate Equal Protection Clause, even if it causes inter-district expenditure disparities.
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| Affirmative Action | Policies/Procedures designed to overcome past racial, gender, and disability discrimination. Legal basis for: Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act (1964) and IDEA (1991).
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| "A Nation at Risk" - 1983 | National Commission on Excellence in education report; called for greater federal support of education because the nation was threatened by "a rising tide of mediocrity: - calls for educational reform based on the development of standards-based curricula.
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| Goals 2000: Educate America Act of 1994 | Set goals for standards-based education reform, many of which are based on the principles of outcomes-based education. Identifies "world-class" academic standards to measure student progress/provide support students may need to meet these standards.
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| No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 | Reauthorized a number of federal programs aimed at improving the performance of U.S. schools by increasing the standards of accountability for states, districts, and schools. 4 principles accountability for results, more choices for parents, greater local
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| Rehabilitation Act of 1973 | Prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in programs receiving federal financial assistance (like schools).
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| Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142) - 1975 | Requires all schools receiving federal funds to provide equal access to education for children whith physical and mental disabilities.
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| Gifted and Talented Act - 1978 | Schools required to provide services and activities to meet the needs of students identified as being gifted/talented.
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| Americans with Disabilities Act - 1990 | A wide-ranging civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability; covers employment, transportation, building accessibility, transportation, etc.
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| Individuals with Disabilities Act - 1990 | Governs how states/public agencies provide early early intervention, special education, and related services to children with disabilities from birth to 21 years of age.
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| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Prohibits discrimintaion against people on the basis of race, colr, or national origin in all institutions receiving federal funds (including schools).
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| Equal Educational Opportunities Act (EEOA) of 1974 | Prohibits specific discriminatory conduct, including segregating students, faculty, and staff on the basis of race, color or national origin; requires districts to find ways to overcome student's language barriers = equal participation in education
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| Bilingual Education Act of 1968 (Title VII of ESEA) | provided schools with federal funds to establish educational programs for students w/ limited English - did not require bilingual ed.
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| Lau v. Nichols (1974) | U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the lack of linguistically-appropriate accommodations denied Chines-American students equal educational opportunities on the basis of their ethnicity.
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| Title IX (Education Amendment of 1972) | federal law prohibiting sex discrimination against students & employees of educational institutions
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| Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools (1992) | U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Title IX prohibits the sexual harassment of students, and schools found in violation of this are subject to monetary damages.
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| mary M. v. No. Lawrence Community School Corp. (1997) | Supreme Court ruled that students can seek monetary damages from school districts for gender discrimination in the form of sexual harassment by school employees.
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| The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) of 1974 (a.k.a. Buckley Amendment) | Provides parents with the right to view their child's school records and challenge information they believe is inaccurate. These rights transfer to the student when she turns 19.
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| Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) | U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the suspension of 3 students for wearing black armbands in protest of the Vietnam War was a violation of the students' First and Fourteenth amendment rights = the students did not disrupt the learning process.
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| Goss v. Lopez (1975) | Federal court ruled that students must be given a "hearing" before they can be suspended (deprived of an education) = Fourteenth amendment.
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| New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985) | U.S. Supreme Court upheld legality of a search of a purse belonging to a student caught smoking in the school bathroom. School officials had "probable cause" so they didn't violate Fourth amendment.
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| Ray v. School District of DeSoto County (1987) | Florida district court ruled that 3 hemophiliac brothers with AIDS should be allowed to attend school as long as special safeguards are in place.
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| Engle vs. Vitale | Supreme Court ruled against school prayer in New York
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| Abington v. Schempp | Supreme Court tuled against Bible reading
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