Final test in micro
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| What is urine normally? | Sterile
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| What is the primary bacteria in the vagina | Lactobacillus spp.
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| Lactobacillus spp. can produce | lactic acid
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| What can lactobacillus spp. maintain? | pH
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| lactobacillus inhibits most ______? | microbes
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| Lactobacillus produces ____ which also inhibits _____. | H202, growth
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| Estrogen promotes growth of? | lactobacillus spp.
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| Candid albicans is found in what %? | 10-25%
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| Pregnant and menopausal women =? | high rate UTI.
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| Why do pregant women have a high rate of uti? | because a decrease in estrogen
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| The male urethra is usually | sterile, except microbes near external opening.
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| What is UTI usually triggered by? | inflammation of urethra
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| What is a serious complication of UTI? | The UTI can move to the kidneys
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| How many UTI are in the USA per year? | 7 million and many are nosocomail.
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| what are many of the UTI due to? | the proximity to the anus
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| this bacteria is prominent what am I? | intestinal bacteria
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| what is the most common bacteria that will cause UTI. | e.coli, & Psuedomonas spp.
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| what is cystitis? | inflammation of urinary bladder
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| what is sign and symptom of cystitis? | difficult, painful urination
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| you may have pyuria with this ______ and what is pyuria? | Cystitis, pus in the urine
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| what is the main bug that causes cystitis? | E.coli
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| What is the other main bug that can cause Cystitis? | Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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| What is pyelonephritis? | inflammation of one or both kidneys
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| what is pyelonephritis usually caused from? | untreated cystitis
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| What is the main symptom for pyelonephritis | pain in the back or flank pain
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| Pyelonephritis is usually a complication of the _______ UTI. ____% is _____, and can result in______. | lower, 75, e.coli, bacteremia
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| If pyelonephritis is chronic it can cause formation of ________ and severe impairing function of the __________ | scar tissue, kidneys
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| this is the most common notifiable disease in the US? | Gonorrhea
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| what is the bug for gonorrhea? | Nesseria gonorroeae
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| what is the percent and age group that is gets Gonorrhea? | 60% and 15-24 years of age
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| Neisseria gonorroheae is a gram ____ _____. | gram negative diplococci
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| Neisseria gonorroheae attaches the the epithelial cells by? | fimbrie
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| Neisseria gonorroheae invades spaces between? | columnar epi cells
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| Gonorrhea can also be found in? | oral pharyngeal area, eyes, rectum, urethra, opening of cervix.
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| Gonorrhea can lead to_____ and _____ formation | infalmmation and pus
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| Infection rate from single exposure in men for gonorrhea is? | 20-35%
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| infection rate from single exposure in women for gonorrhea is? | 60-90%
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| Gonorrhea symptoms differ in men and women in men what is the symptoms? | painful urination, pus formation, 80% show symptoms after just a few days, and common comlication is urethritis.
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| what is the symptoms of Gonorrhea in women? | more insidious, only in cervix which makes few aware of infection.
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| what happens later in the disease of gonorrhea in women if left undiagnosed? | abdominal pain and Pelvic inflammatory disease
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| If gonorrhea is untreated it can? | disseminate adn become septic
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| what is it called when gonorrhea is found in infant eyes during birht? | opthalmia neonatorum
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| Gonorrhea is transmitted at any point of ___ ____ and has no _______. | sexual contact, adaptive immunity
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| How do you diagnosis gonorrhea in men | Gram (-) diplococci (GNDC) in pus from urethra. diplococci within the wbc, and culture on the Thayer martin media which increases in CO2 is needed
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| infants recieve this after birth | silver nitrate
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| what is NGU? | Nongonococcal Urethritis (CLAP)
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| Nongonococcal urethritis is caused by? | Chlamydia trachomatis
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| this is 5x more prevalent in women. | Nongonococcal urethritis
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| in women Nongonococcal urethritis may cause? | (PID) pelvic inflammotory disease
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| nongonococcal urethritis may infect infants during birth by causing? | eye infection or pneumonia
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| 70% of men and 50% of women may be asymptomatic with this diseases what am I? | Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)
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| symptoms of NGU include | painful urination, and watery discharge
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| how do you diagnose NGU? | amplified probe (CTNG probe) can use urine but swabs work best.
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| what does CTNG stand for? | Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorroheae
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| What does PID stand for? | Pelvic inflammatory disease
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| what is PID? | extensive bacterial infection in female pelvic organs.
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| these three can cause PID what are they? | gonorrhea, chlamydia & trichanella
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| PID may cause salpingitis what is salpingitis? | infalmmation of fallopian tubes
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| Salpingitis may cause | scarring and leads to sterility
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| if the uterine tube is blocked due to PID could cause | ectopic pregnancy
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| how do you diagnosis PID? | Signs and Symptoms and Culture
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| what is Syphilis caused by? | Treponema pallidium
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| Treponema pallidium is very ____ & tightly _____. it is also difficult to _____. | thin, coiled, stain
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| treponema pallidium produces several | lipoproteins
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| syphilis induces ______ response and leads to _____ distruction. | inflammatory, tissue
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| In syphilis the treponema pallidium immediately enters the | blood stream
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| Syphilis can invade | deep tissue
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| infection with syphilis can result in | significant immunity
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| syphilis is transmitted by | sexual contact
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| in the primary stage of syphilis a small hard chancre at infection site comes about when does this happen. | 10-90 days after exposure
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| Painless exudate of serum at center, lesion disappears, and bacteria enters bloodstream and lymph system what stage of syphilis am I? | Primary stage of syphilis
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| this rash is especially seen on plams and soles what bug is this associated with | Syphilis
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| several wekks after primary, symptoms tend to resolve in 3 weeks, and skini rash may appear what stage of syphilis am I | secondary stage
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| in this stage of syphilis you have loss of patches of hair, and may have neurological symptoms and is considered a mild stage what stage am I. | Secondary stage
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| in this stage od syphilis you have no symptoms, and after 2-4 years your not infective and majority of cases don't progress beyond latency . | latent period
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| you may still pass this disease in child bith from mother to child | syphilis in the latent period
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| in this stage of syphilis you may enter latent stage w/o treatment, and 25% untreated cases lead to this. | tertiary stage
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| you may have a cell mediated immune response due to surviving spirochetes with this stage of syphilis | Tertiary stage
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| tertiary stage classified on? | infected tissue and lesion type
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| gummatous syphillis | gummas, progressive inflammation rubbery masses of tissue in multiple organs
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| this is seen after 15 years and causes localized tissue destruction | gummatous syphilis
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| cardiovascular syphilis | weaking of aorta, and now rare with antibiotics
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| neurosyphilis | infects CNS, widely varies S/S
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| this degree of syphilis is rare to available treatment what degree am I? | 3rd degree
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| Congenital syphilis | most distressing and dangerous
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| transmitted across the placenta | congenital syphilis
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| damages mental development and leads to neurological symptoms | congenital syphilis
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| this is most common if mother is in latent stage | congenital syphilis
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| treatment of mother during first 2 trimesters usually prevents this disease | congenital syphilis
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| diagnosis of syphilis | complex and different requirements depending on stage.
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| microscopic, nontreponemal serological tests and treponemal serological tests are all tests that can be done for | syphilis
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| in the first stage of syphilis you would use this test | microscopic because spirochetes can be seen in exudates, use dark field microscopy and may use DFA stains
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| this is how you would diagnosis syphilis in its 2nd stage | nontreponomal serological test,
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| these test detects 99% of 2nd degree cases of syphilis | nontreponomal serological tests
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| what are some examples of serological tests that can be done for stage 2 of syphilis | VDRL, modified RPR, and elisa
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| what tests can be done in the 3rd degree stage of syphilis | treponemal serological tests
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| treponemal serological tests are specific and enzyme immunoassay, rapid tests | treponemal serological tests
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| FTA-ABS | fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test and not used for screening.
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| bacterial vaginosis | inflammation of vagina
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| most often this bug causes bacterial vaginosis | Gardnerella vaginalis
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| Gardnerella vaginalis is a small ______ gram () rod. | pleomorphic (v)
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| characteristics of bacterial vaginosis are | vaginal pH > 4.5, copious, frothy discharge, fishy odor with addition of potassium hydroxide (KOH)
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| Bacterial Vaginosis ecology is not well known but is believed that | something decreases amount of lactobacillus, and allows for g. vaginalis to proliferate
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| this can be found in the maile urethra but now known to cause disease | Gardnerella vaginalis
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| how would you diagnose bacterial vaginosis | vagina pH, fishy odor, clue cells, & Genital affirm
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| tell me 2 things about clue cells | slothed vaginal cells covered in biofilm, and see many gram (v) rods
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| Bacterial vaginosis is more of nuisance than infection but can be factos in these two things. | premature birth, and low birth weight
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| Genital herpes is known as the | herpes Simplex virus 2
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| 1 in ___ over ____ are infected | 4 over 30
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| gental lesion appears, vesicles appear, painful urination, walking and clothing uncomfortable and vescles form a head what am I symptoms of? | Genital herpes
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| this can be infectious without symptoms or lesion, and semen may contain this, which make condoms of little use | Genital herpes, virus
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| this ____ is distressing due to re-occurance | virus
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| herpes virus enter _____ long latent stage | life
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| you may have several re-occurances per year, and re-occurances are seen more in men then women, aprox 90% have re-occurance | Herpes Simplex virus 2
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| you would use these tools to diagnosis genital herpes | culture of virus from vesicle, PCR, and if no lesion- serological tests
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| is there any treatment for Genital herpes | yes there is treatment but no cure
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| what is the goal with genital herpes | goal is to supress, antiviral drugs such as acyclovir, and famciclovir are given
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| ~1500 cases per year | Neonatal herpes
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| neonatal herpes can cross the placental barrier and these could result from this | spontaneous abortion, serious fetal damage such as mental retardation, and defective hearing and vision
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| fetal consequences most severe if first infectionis during pregnancy | neonatal herpes
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| fetus is infected if virus is grown from the amniotic fluid | neonatal herpes
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| If virus free the baby needs protection during passage through the birthing canal and may require a? | ceasarean section
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| Gental warts | human papillomavirus
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| some warts are extremely _____ & _____. | large and warty
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| some warts are ____ & _____ | smooth and flat
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| viable warts are caused by serotype | 6 & 11
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| serotype ____ & _____ causes cancer | 16 & 18
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| treatment of genital warts | applied gels podofilox, and imiquimod
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| can genital warts be cured | no
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| what is the percentage that is clear within 2 years with genital warts | 90%
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| the vaccine for human papillomavirus is effective against which serotypes? | 6,11,16 & 18
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| Candidiasis | yeast infection
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| common cause of Candidiasis is | Candida albicans
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| there is a more resistant form what is it | candida glabrata
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| where can candidiasis grow | mucous membrane of mouth, intestinal tract and GU tract
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| Candidiasis is usually | opportunistic lesion similiar to thrush
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| Candidiasis can be irritating by causing these | severe itching, yellow cheesy discharge, and yeasty or no odor
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| what are some predisposing conditions for Candidiasis | oral contraceptives and pregancy, hormones, uncontrolled diabetes and use of broad spectrum ABT
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| How can you diagnose Candidiasis | microscopic ID with vaginal scrapings, culture, and genital affirm
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| what is the treatment of Candidiasis | topicasl application of nonperscription antifungals, i.e. clotrimazole, and miconazole or a single dose of oral antifungal Fluconazole
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| Trichmoniasis | protozoan infection
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| trichmoniasis is caused by | tricomonas vaginalis
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| frequant normal inhavitant is | vagina of women and urethra of men
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| Trichmoniasis is considered a? | STI
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| Trichmoniasis is often seen with co-infection of | Gonnorehea
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| trichmoniasis is an accumulation of? | leukocytes at infection site
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| The infection of leukocytes can result in | profuse discharge, greenish yellow, foul odor,
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| in this dieses symptoms are rare in men | trichmoniasis
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| 1/2 of people that are infected with trichmoniasis are? | asymptommatic
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| to diagnose trichmoniasis you must perform these tests. | microscopic exam of discharge, trich prep, genital affirm, and can be found in seman or urine in males
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| many diseases cause birth defects and there is a prescreen for antibodies what is known as | the TORCH Panal
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| The T in torch stands for | Tocoplamosis
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| The O in torch stands for | other tests such as syphilis, hep b, epstein Barr, varicella zoster
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| the R n torch stand for | Rubella
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| The C in torch stands for | Cytomagalovirus
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| The H in torch stands for | Herpes Simplex virus
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