Erhart
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| evolution | change in populations over time (i.e. height)
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| biocultural approach | sex drive, social structure, pop. growth (birth/death rates)
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| holistic | drawing from all subfields of physical anthropology and other fields to answer questions re: evolution
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| adaptation | anything giving advantages (cultural, biological), technological, social systems/rules, physiological, genetic
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| subfields: anthropology | cultural, linguistics, archaeology, physical/biological
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| areas of study within phys. anthropology | human variation, growth/development, osteology, primatology, paleoanthropology
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| fact | verifiable truth
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| theory | set of hypothesis tested repeatedly, and have not been rejected
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| hypothesis | explanation of observed facts, testable, w/potential for rejection
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| scientific method | (blank)
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| natural selection | 1. physical and behavioral variation, 2. excessive fecundity, 3. advantageous traits, 4. populations will change over time
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| fixity of species | Species are fixed, will never change.
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| chain of being | HIERARCHY affixity of species: God --> Angels --> People --> Animals --> etc.
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| Linnaeus | Taxonomy. Classified living organisims: BASIS for communication about nature. GENUSspecies
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| Cuvier | Catastrophisim. Believed "periods of time when many animals die @ once." Tried to identify fossils. Didn't believe: extinciton
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| Erasmus Darwin | "Organisims change to fit the environment. All life derived from a single ancestor."
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| Malthus | Excessive Fecundity. "Populations increase exponentially, food resources are constant."
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| Wallace | Correspondent of Darwin's who accidentally stumbled upon his same theories. "On the Tendancy of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type"
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| reproductive success (fitness) | (blank)
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| selective pressures | Environmental change causing a pop. to evolve
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| evolution: observed examples | (blank)
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| directional/stabilizing/diversifying selection | DIRECTIONAL average shifts, original becomes rare. pop. pushed L or R. (e.g. housefly resistance to DDT) STABILIZING works against two extremes (variance - e.g. infant birthweight) DIVERSIFYING e.g. female swallowtail butterflies mimic poisonous variety
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| prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells | PRO single celled organisms (3.7b years on earth), EUK multicellular organisms (1.2b years on earth)
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| nucleus | Cells' core. Contains DNA, RNA.
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| DNA | Deoxyribonuleic acid. Basic info. for life.
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| RNA | (blank)
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| mRNA | TAKES DNA OUTSIDE nucleus --> ribosome
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| tRNA | Txfr mRNA into amino acids which build protein
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| cytoplasm | inside cell membrane: contains ribosomes, mitochondria, etc.
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| proteins | building blocks of organic life
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| mitochondria | energy production.
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| ribosomes | location of protein synthesis
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| somantic cells | body tissues
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| gametes | sex cells
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| zygote | fertilized egg
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| nucleotides | (2 chains small molecules) composed of three parts: SUGAR MOLECULE, PHOSPHATE, NITROGENOUS BASE
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| complementary bases | adenine - thymine, guanine - cytosine
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| DNA replication | Essential for new cell formation. A. Bonds break, nucleotides exposed, B.Parental nucleotides are templates, C. Free-floating nucleotides attach (zip up)
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| protein synthesis | nucleotide "message" taken from a gene, transcribed, and translated into a protein. Occurs in RIBOSOMES (cytoplasm).
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| amino acids | building blocks of proteins
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| triplets & codons | SYNONYMS: 3-Base pairs. TRIPLET three-nucleotide sequence of DNA code. CODON three-nucleotide sequence translating DNA to mRNA.
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| genes & chromosomes | GENE segment of DNA containing protein sequence. CHROMOSOME house supercoiled DNA (wound around binding proteins) in the nucleus. Complex.
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| homologous chromosomes | Chromosomes come in homologous pairs, and GOVERN the SAME GENES(but may not be genetically identical). Affect SAME TRAIT.
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| autosomes & sex chromosomes | AUTOSOMES 22 pairs, physical characteristics. SEX CHROMOSOMES 1 pair, primary sex determination.
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| mitosis | Body (somantic cells) duplication & division. 46 chromosomes. Two pairs double stranded. Identical to parent cells, unless mutation occurred.
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| meiosis | Sex cells' (gametes') duplication. First division, recombination, second division. Diploid: 46. Haploid: 23.
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| crossing over & recombination | Same process. CROSSING OVER homologous (sister) chromosomes exchange segments. Resulting in: RECOMBINATION shuffling of maternal/paternal chromosomes during meiosis.
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| oogenesis | OVARIES...ovam, three polar bodies, 22 autosomes, X chromosome
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| spermatogenesis | TESTES...four spermatids, 22 autosomes, X or Y chromosome
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| haploid & diploid | HAPLOID gametes: 23 single chromosomes (half genetic complement). DIPLOID somantic: 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs.
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| aneuploidy | Problem w/ meiosis. Leads to: abnormal # chromosomes. ACCIDENT> RANDOM> NOT HERITABLE
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| nondisjunction | Failure of chromosomes to separate
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| autosomal monosomy | - - | cat cry syndrome (-,5). Some part of body will not form properly, mentally retarded.
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| autosomal trisomy | | | | down syndrome (21, 21, 21)...usually due to advanced maternal age.
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| sex chromosome monosomy | Turner syndrome (X,-)...never matures phenotypically
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| sex chromosome trisomy | TRIPLE-X (XXX)...no record of medical problems exibited. KLINEFELTER (XXY)1:600 male births, Development female body shape. JACOB/SUPERMAN (XYY) greater than avg. height.
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| preformation | Ancient idea - human awaiting in sperm.
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| blending | Theory...offsprings' parent intermediate (everything would look the same over generations). DECREASES VARIATION.
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| pangenesis | proposed by Darwin: microscopic gemmules present in every organism --> capable of change --> travel to sex cells and modify them
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| Mendel | Famous pea model. Rediscovered 1900. Unseen by Darwin.
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| parental generation P1 | Cross polinate TRUE BREEDING plants
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| first filial generation F1 | Hybrids. Observed trait is dominant. Lost trait is recessive. (Dom. allele affects phenotype)
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| second filial generation F2 | Self polinate F1 hybrids 3:1 ratio; recessive re-appears
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| dominant/recessive/codominant alleles | Dominant e.g.: achondroplasia, neurofibromatosis, marfan syndrome. Recessive e.g.: Cystic fibrosis, tay-sachs disease, PKU, albinism
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| locus | place (parking spot) on a chromosome where a specific gene occurs
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| alleles | a varient sequence of nucleotides in a gene(set of instructions)
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| homozygous & heterozygous | HETERO different alleles at both loci for the same gene. HOMO same allele at both loci for the same gene.
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| genotype & phenotype | genotype: internal. phenotype: external
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| law of segregation | Only ONE of each pair of alleles is passed on when gametes form (one from father, one from mother)
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| law of independant assortment | The segregation of any pair of chromosomes does not influence the segregation of any other pair of chromosomes. CHROMOSOMES from separate pairs INHERITED INDEPENDENTLY
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| Mendelian traits | (blank)
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| Inheritance of Mendelian traits | (blank)
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| pedigree | (blank)
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| autosomal Mendelian traits | DOMINANT every generation, men & women. RECESSIVE generations sometimes skipped. (homozygous recessive)
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| sex-linked mendelian traits | Majority : X-chromosome. 300? Not as much info. on Y. Females: same pattern as autosomal. Males: hemizygous (affected or normal). e.g. hemophilia, G6PD, muscular dystrophy, red-green color blindness, Lesch-nyhan, ichthyosis
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| inheritance of sex-linked traits | (blank)
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| polygenic inheritance | many genes combine to have one effect (e.g. skin color)
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| pleiotropy | NOT MENDELIAN. One gene affects multiple phenotypes. e.g. PKU (can cause damage to central nervous system)
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| modifying gene | can alter the expression of another gene (e.g. cataracts)
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| regulatory genes | turn things on and off (e.g. probably control aging)
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| incomplete penetrance | Have genetic info. for disease...but DO NOT EXPRESS disease, depending on ENVIRONMENT.
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| sex-linked trait | Expressed by one sex (e.g. beard)
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| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | NO EVOLUTION MODEL: 1. Mating is random, 2. No mutation, 3. No natural selection, 4. No migration, 5. Large populations. AT LEAST ONE MUST BE TRUE FOR EVOLUTION TO OCCUR.
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| modern synthesis | (blank)
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| microevolution | (blank)
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| macroevolution | (blank)
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| mutation | having less or more of the diploid/haploid #
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| gene flow | exchange of genes between populations
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| genetic drift | OPPOSITE GENE FLOW: variation gets distributed...due to sampling phenomena, inversely related to pop. size.
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| founder effect | random subset of genetic info. (e.g. Lobster claw: Zimbabwe pop., total colorblindness: pingelap pop.)
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| natural selection | (blank)
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| types of nonrandom mating | CONSANGUINEOUS close relative. ASSORTATIVE close characteristics.
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| sickle cell allele | Environmental issue: common in malarial areas. Protects somewhat agains this disease.
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| balanced polymorphism | (blank)
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| misconceptions about evolution | 1. Bigger is better (more energy req.), 2.Newer is better, 3.Natural selection always works, 4. Inevitable direction in evolution, 5.Natural selection produces perfect structures, 6.All structures adaptive, 7.Current structures reflect initial adaptations
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| function of bone | 1. protect/support soft tissue, 2. Center: blood cell production, 3. storage: fat, 4. reservoirs of important elements
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| lever systems | moved by muscle: the entire human body
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| types of joints | SYNOVIAL: ball/socket, hinge, saddle shaped. CARTILAGINIOUS: between growth centers. FIBROUS: cranial sutures
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| bone types: gross level | TUBULAR: long, thin (limbs, hands, foot). FLAT: cranium, shoulder, pelvis, rib cage. BLOCKY: ankle, wrist, spine. COMPACT: solid, dense (walls bone shafts, external surface). SPONGY: porous, honeycomb. PERIOSTEUM: tough! blood vessel penetration - bleeds
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| bone types: molecular level | COLLAGEN: flexiblilty. protein. Most common bodily protein. 90% bone content. HYDROXYAPATITE: strong! woven w/collagen.
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| Bone types: histological level | IMATURE embryonic skeletons, fractures, tumors (coarsley bundled, woven). MATURE layed in thin layers, replaces immature bones.
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| parts of long bones | Epiphyses (ends), diaphysis (shaft), metaphyses (flared ends of shaft)
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| Wolff's law | 1869 BONE REMODELING. "Bone is laid down where needed and reabsorbed where not needed."
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| osteoblasts & osteoclasts | BLASTS: make bone. CLASTS: remove(take) bone.
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| bone repair | HEMATOMA: periostium bleeds, forms blood clot @ site, limiting mvmt. FIBROUS CALLUS: mineralized in immature bone. 6WKS immature --> mature bone
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| Aging the skeleton | 1. Epiphyseal closure, 2. cranial suture closure, 3. dentition
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| Sexing the skeleton | FEMALE: forehead higher, wider pelvis. MALE: developed brow ridges, chin. Mastoid process more developed. Narrower pelvis.
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| geographic/population based variation | (blank)
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| Harris lines | (blank)
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| osteoarthritis | joint disease: age, sex, hormones, medical stress, genetic history. BONY LIPPING> SPUR FORMATION> EBURNATION
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| bone fractures | flexiblility fails
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| artificial deformation | (blank)
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| infectious diseases | OSTEOMYELITIS (pus-producing bacteria builds up inside bone). cloacae (holes formed for pus to escape). TUBURCULOSIS chronic, bacterial, attacks vertebre. SYPHILIS microogrganism, lesions, gummas.
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| anemias | Porotic hyperostosis, cribra orbitalia ("sieve-like, coral-like" lesions)
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| metabolic disorders | rickets - weakening of bone (not enough vitamin D). Dental hypoplasia (bands).
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| dental pathology | caries, pulpitis, peridontal disease
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| Lamarck | AQUIRED CHARACTERISITC. Animals change to fit environment. FIRST testable hypothesis. Giraffe ex: stretching necks over time to reach food. FIRST attempt to explain evolution/
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| Lyell | UNIFORMITARIANISM. geologist. Published "principals of geology." Re: Uniformitarianism, formation geological strata. "Earth prob. very old and changes over time."
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| Charles Darwin | college degree: divinity. 1831 Beagle voyage (5 yrs.): island/mainland species, extinct/living species, marsupials/monotremes. TRANSITIONAL FORMS, EXCESSIVE FECUNDITY: pops. increase exponentially, food resources constant.
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