Anatomy and Physiology
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical bonds | sharing of electrons between atoms
🗑
|
||||
| Molecule | two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds (sharing of electrons)
🗑
|
||||
| Chemical Reaction | chemical bonds are formed or broken apart
🗑
|
||||
| Chemical bonds contain what? | Potential Energy
🗑
|
||||
| Single Covalent Bond | Sharing one pair of electrons
🗑
|
||||
| Double Covalent Bond | Sharing two pairs of electrons
🗑
|
||||
| Rank Hydrogen, Covalent and Ionic by strength (strong, weak, very weak) | Covalent - Strong. Ionic - Weak. Hydrogen - Very Weak.
🗑
|
||||
| Two types of Covalent Bonds & properties | polar - unequal sharing of electrons & different types of atoms bonding (h20) & non polar - very equal sharing of electrons & atoms of the same type bonding (h2,02)
🗑
|
||||
| Covalent Bond | Atoms share electrons
🗑
|
||||
| Ionic Bonds | electrical attraction between ions. One atom, the electron donor looses one or more electrons and becomes a cation w + charge, while another atom, the electron acceptor gains those same electrons and becomes the electron acceptor, anion, - charge
🗑
|
||||
| Cations | positively charged ions
🗑
|
||||
| Anions | negatively charged ions
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrogen Bonds | Weak electrical attractions. Takes place between the ends of molecules and H. (ex. holds water molec. together in solution).
🗑
|
||||
| Name 3 main Properties of Water | 1. High heat capacity. 2. "Universal Solvent" 3. Molecules are defined by their ability to interact with h20 (hydrophobic & hydrophilic)
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrophobic | molecules with non-polar bonds (afraid of h20)
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrophylic | molecules with polar bonds, ions (love of h20)
🗑
|
||||
| Electrolytes | Soluble inorganic olecules whose ions can conduct electrical current in solution. (anything ionic that can dissasociate in h20 (i.e. NACL -> CL-, NA+). Molecules that are electrolytes have ionic bonds that ionize (dissasociate) in h20
🗑
|
||||
| Salt | an electrolyte whose cation is not hydrogen and whose anion is not hydroxide (isn't acid or base)
🗑
|
||||
| Acids | Release hydrogen ions into solution (contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions)
🗑
|
||||
| Bases | Remove hydrogen ions from solution (has more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions)
🗑
|
||||
| PH | a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution
🗑
|
||||
| Log | Exponent
🗑
|
||||
| Normal PH range of Blood | 7.35-7.45
🗑
|
||||
| Acidosis | Abnormally low blood P,H ( less than 7.35), more common than alkalosis
🗑
|
||||
| Alkalosis | Abnormally High blood PH (greate than 7.45)
🗑
|
||||
| Atkins diet causes | cidosis (ketoacidosis)
🗑
|
||||
| Inorganic Compound | Generally do not include both C &H. Examples include H20, Co2, 02, salts, inorganic acids and bases
🗑
|
||||
| The human body is composed mostly of what kind of compound? (org or inorg?) | Inorganic, mostly due to h20 making up the most of the body weight
🗑
|
||||
| Organic Compounds | always have H& C (generally include C,H, sometimes O). may have N,P,S,Fe and other trace elements
🗑
|
||||
| What is the most simple organic compound? | CH4, methane (Carbon always wants to form 4 bonds)
🗑
|
||||
| Four major classes of Organic Compounds | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & amino acids, nucleic acids &nucleotides
🗑
|
||||
| Polymer | A large molecule consisting of a long chain of subunits (
🗑
|
||||
| Which organic compound is not a polymer? | Lipids (why?)
🗑
|
||||
| What is the molecular composition of the human body? (h20,proteins,lipids,carbs) | h20- 66%, protein-20%, lipids- 10%, carbohydrates-3%
🗑
|
||||
| Carbohydrates | Prefix glyco, C,H,O in ratio of approximately 1:2:1 (ex. C6 H12 O6)
🗑
|
||||
| Three classes of Carbohydrates | Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
🗑
|
||||
| Monosaccharides | Type of Carbohydrate, simple sugars. ex. glucose, fructose, galactose
🗑
|
||||
| Disaccharides | Tyep of Carb, 2 monosaccharides combined. i.e. sucrose(fromed from glucose & fructose), lactose (formed from glucose & galactose)
🗑
|
||||
| Poysaccharides | type of Carb, chains of simple sugars, starch, glycogen, cellulose
🗑
|
||||
| Lipids | C,H,O present, but much less O than either, C to H ratio 1:2. example is lauric acid (C12, H24, O2), fats, oils, waxes.
🗑
|
||||
| types of Lipids | Fatty Acids, Triglicerides
🗑
|
||||
| Fatty Acid | Type of Lipid, has carboxyl group, long chain of carbon & hydrogen atoms attached. i.e. saturated, unsaturated, omega-3
🗑
|
||||
| Triglycerides | Lipid -> Glycerides -> Triglicerides. AKA Neutral fats, formed by attachment of 3 fatty acids and glyerol molecule (via dehydration synthesis) i.e. fats, oils
🗑
|
||||
| Five types of Lipids | Fatty Acids, Glycerides, Eicosanoids, Steroids, Phospholipids & Glycolipids
🗑
|
||||
| Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes | (type of Eicosanoid), short chain fatty acid in which five of the carbon atoms are joined in a ring, direct local cellular activities
🗑
|
||||
| Steroids (3ex) | Type of Lipid, ex. cholesterol, estrogen, corticosteroids(derivative of cholesterol), all have complex four ring structure, steroids differ in the side chains attached to the carbon rings
🗑
|
||||
| Phospholipids & Glycolipids | types of Lipids, help form clel membrane structure, see p 47
🗑
|
||||
| proteins | = polypeptide, linear sequences of amino acids held together by peptide bonds (most abundant organic components of the human body, all contain C,H,O,N and smaller quantities of Sulfer may also be present
🗑
|
||||
| Protein functions (7) | (p49)
🗑
|
||||
| Amino Acids (consist of 5 components) | proteins consist of long chains of organic molecules called amino acids. Components: 1. central carbon atom. 2. Hydrogen atom. 3. Amino group (-NH2) 4. Carboxylic Acid group (-COOH). 5. a variable R (radical) group or side chain
🗑
|
||||
| Buffer | Removes or replaces hydrogen ions in solution. Buffers maintain the PH within normal limits.
🗑
|
||||
| Glycoprotein | glyco = carb, large protein molecules with carbs attached. Ex. Antibodies, Hormones and Mucus
🗑
|
||||
| Proteoglycans | (carb-protein combination) large polysaccharides linked by peptide chains. Important thickening agent for tissue fluids.
🗑
|
||||
| Types of Protein Structure | primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
🗑
|
||||
| Primary structure | Type of protein structure, an amino acid sequence
🗑
|
||||
| Secondary, tertiary & quaternary protein bonds are primarily held together by? | hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are weak and can be denatured by disrupting H bonds with heat or PH changes
🗑
|
||||
| What will happen to proteins pushed outside of their normal PH and temp ranges? | They will change shape and cease to function
🗑
|
||||
| metabolism | the sum of all chemical reactions in the body
🗑
|
||||
| catabolism | Under Metabolism, breaks down complex molecules and releases energy (ex. cellular respiration which breaks down carbs)
🗑
|
||||
| anabolism | (Under metabolism) - synthesis of new molecules using energy (ex. to help remember - anabolic steroids)
🗑
|
||||
| metabolic turnover | continuous removal and replacement of all organic molecules except DNA
🗑
|
||||
| Enzymes | - Proteins<br /> - Catalysts <br /> - Reduce the energy of activation without being permanently changed or used up. - Promote chemical reactions at temperatures and PH levels compatible with life
🗑
|
||||
| T or F. Enzymes are needed to catalyze all chemical reactions that occur in living cells | T
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
analeah
Popular MCAT sets