| Flap 1 |
 |
|
| Flap 2 |
|
|
| Chemical bonds |
sharing of electrons between atoms |
| Molecule |
two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds (sharing of electrons) |
| Chemical Reaction |
chemical bonds are formed or broken apart |
| Chemical bonds contain what? |
Potential Energy |
| Single Covalent Bond |
Sharing one pair of electrons |
| Double Covalent Bond |
Sharing two pairs of electrons |
| Rank Hydrogen, Covalent and Ionic by strength (strong, weak, very weak) |
Covalent - Strong. Ionic - Weak. Hydrogen - Very Weak. |
| Two types of Covalent Bonds & properties |
polar - unequal sharing of electrons & different types of atoms bonding (h20) & non polar - very equal sharing of electrons & atoms of the same type bonding (h2,02) |
| Covalent Bond |
Atoms share electrons |
| Ionic Bonds |
electrical attraction between ions. One atom, the electron donor looses one or more electrons and becomes a cation w + charge, while another atom, the electron acceptor gains those same electrons and becomes the electron acceptor, anion, - charge |
| Cations |
positively charged ions |
| Anions |
negatively charged ions |
| Hydrogen Bonds |
Weak electrical attractions. Takes place between the ends of molecules and H. (ex. holds water molec. together in solution). |
| Name 3 main Properties of Water |
1. High heat capacity. 2. "Universal Solvent" 3. Molecules are defined by their ability to interact with h20 (hydrophobic & hydrophilic) |
| Hydrophobic |
molecules with non-polar bonds (afraid of h20) |
| Hydrophylic |
molecules with polar bonds, ions (love of h20) |
| Electrolytes |
Soluble inorganic olecules whose ions can conduct electrical current in solution. (anything ionic that can dissasociate in h20 (i.e. NACL -> CL-, NA+). Molecules that are electrolytes have ionic bonds that ionize (dissasociate) in h20 |
| Salt |
an electrolyte whose cation is not hydrogen and whose anion is not hydroxide (isn't acid or base) |
| Acids |
Release hydrogen ions into solution (contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions) |
| Bases |
Remove hydrogen ions from solution (has more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions) |
| PH |
a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution |
| Log |
Exponent |
| Normal PH range of Blood |
7.35-7.45 |
| Acidosis |
Abnormally low blood P,H ( less than 7.35), more common than alkalosis |
| Alkalosis |
Abnormally High blood PH (greate than 7.45) |
| Atkins diet causes |
cidosis (ketoacidosis) |
| Inorganic Compound |
Generally do not include both C &H. Examples include H20, Co2, 02, salts, inorganic acids and bases |
| The human body is composed mostly of what kind of compound? (org or inorg?) |
Inorganic, mostly due to h20 making up the most of the body weight |
| Organic Compounds |
always have H& C (generally include C,H, sometimes O). may have N,P,S,Fe and other trace elements |
| What is the most simple organic compound? |
CH4, methane (Carbon always wants to form 4 bonds) |
| Four major classes of Organic Compounds |
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & amino acids, nucleic acids &nucleotides |
| Polymer |
A large molecule consisting of a long chain of subunits ( |
| Which organic compound is not a polymer? |
Lipids (why?) |
| What is the molecular composition of the human body? (h20,proteins,lipids,carbs) |
h20- 66%, protein-20%, lipids- 10%, carbohydrates-3% |
| Carbohydrates |
Prefix glyco, C,H,O in ratio of approximately 1:2:1 (ex. C6 H12 O6) |
| Three classes of Carbohydrates |
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides |
| Monosaccharides |
Type of Carbohydrate, simple sugars. ex. glucose, fructose, galactose |
| Disaccharides |
Tyep of Carb, 2 monosaccharides combined. i.e. sucrose(fromed from glucose & fructose), lactose (formed from glucose & galactose) |
| Poysaccharides |
type of Carb, chains of simple sugars, starch, glycogen, cellulose |
| Lipids |
C,H,O present, but much less O than either, C to H ratio 1:2. example is lauric acid (C12, H24, O2), fats, oils, waxes. |
| types of Lipids |
Fatty Acids, Triglicerides |
| Fatty Acid |
Type of Lipid, has carboxyl group, long chain of carbon & hydrogen atoms attached. i.e. saturated, unsaturated, omega-3 |
| Triglycerides |
Lipid -> Glycerides -> Triglicerides. AKA Neutral fats, formed by attachment of 3 fatty acids and glyerol molecule (via dehydration synthesis) i.e. fats, oils |
| Five types of Lipids |
Fatty Acids, Glycerides, Eicosanoids, Steroids, Phospholipids & Glycolipids |
| Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes |
(type of Eicosanoid), short chain fatty acid in which five of the carbon atoms are joined in a ring, direct local cellular activities |
| Steroids (3ex) |
Type of Lipid, ex. cholesterol, estrogen, corticosteroids(derivative of cholesterol), all have complex four ring structure, steroids differ in the side chains attached to the carbon rings |
| Phospholipids & Glycolipids |
types of Lipids, help form clel membrane structure, see p 47 |
| proteins |
= polypeptide, linear sequences of amino acids held together by peptide bonds (most abundant organic components of the human body, all contain C,H,O,N and smaller quantities of Sulfer may also be present |
| Protein functions (7) |
(p49) |
| Amino Acids (consist of 5 components) |
proteins consist of long chains of organic molecules called amino acids. Components: 1. central carbon atom. 2. Hydrogen atom. 3. Amino group (-NH2) 4. Carboxylic Acid group (-COOH). 5. a variable R (radical) group or side chain |
| Buffer |
Removes or replaces hydrogen ions in solution. Buffers maintain the PH within normal limits. |
| Glycoprotein |
glyco = carb, large protein molecules with carbs attached. Ex. Antibodies, Hormones and Mucus |
| Proteoglycans |
(carb-protein combination) large polysaccharides linked by peptide chains. Important thickening agent for tissue fluids. |
| Types of Protein Structure |
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
| Primary structure |
Type of protein structure, an amino acid sequence |
| Secondary, tertiary & quaternary protein bonds are primarily held together by? |
hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are weak and can be denatured by disrupting H bonds with heat or PH changes |
| What will happen to proteins pushed outside of their normal PH and temp ranges? |
They will change shape and cease to function |
| metabolism |
the sum of all chemical reactions in the body |
| catabolism |
Under Metabolism, breaks down complex molecules and releases energy (ex. cellular respiration which breaks down carbs) |
| anabolism |
(Under metabolism) - synthesis of new molecules using energy (ex. to help remember - anabolic steroids) |
| metabolic turnover |
continuous removal and replacement of all organic molecules except DNA |
| Enzymes |
- Proteins<br /> - Catalysts <br /> - Reduce the energy of activation without being permanently changed or used up. - Promote chemical reactions at temperatures and PH levels compatible with life |
| T or F. Enzymes are needed to catalyze all chemical reactions that occur in living cells |
T |
