disorders
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| A form of electromagnetic radiation? | X-Ray
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| This is also useful for detecting some disorders involving soft tissue? | X-Ray
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| Nuclear scanning test, that identifies new areas of bone growth or bone break down? | Bone Scan
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| Radioactive tracer injected in vein is used during a? | Bone Scan
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| Used to evaluate possible bone tumors, Fx, and infections | Bone Scan
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| Creates a 3D image from multiple x ray images. | CT Scan
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| uses IV contrast medium to provide better images | CT Scan
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| proviedes greater clarity than x-rays on internal organs, bones, soft tissue and blood vessels? | CT Scan
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| Uses strong Magnetic field, no radiation, pt. with some metal implants cant have this test done. | MRI
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| has much greater soft tissue contrast than CT Scan | MRI
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| measures the electrical impulses of muscles at rest during contraction | EMG
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| Used to detect electrical activity that can occur in many diseases and conditions | EMG
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| Minimally invasive surgical procedure in which and examination (and sometimes treatment of damage) of the interior of a joint is performed. | Arthroscopy
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| allows analysis of fluid for signs of inflammation, bleeding, and infection. | synovial fluid aspiration
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| serum calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone. | Blood Tests May indicate metabolic changes.
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| serum creatine kinase (ck) | Blood Test Elevated in many muscle diseases.
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| Is an enzyme importany for energy storage, leaks out of damaged muscle cells into body fluids | Creatine Kinase
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| A bone is broken to form to or more seperate peices | Complete Fx
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| Bone is only partially broken | Incomplete Fx
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| the shafte of the bone is bent tearing the bone on one side but not extending all the way through | Green Stick Fx (incomplete Fx)
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| results when the skin is broken, more damage to soft tissue | Open Fx (compound)
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| Skin is not brken at the Fx Site | Closed Fx
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| Single Break in the bone in which the bone ends maintain their alignment and position | Simple Fx
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| There are multiple Fx lines and bone fragments | Comminuted Fx
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| when a bone is crushed or collapses into small pieces (common in vertebrae) | Compression Fx
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| when one end of the bone is forced into the adjacent bone | Impacted Fx
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| Results from weakness in the bone structure | Pathologic FX
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| results from repeated excessive stress | Stress FX
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| occurs in the skull, when the broken section is forced inward on the brain. | Depressed Fx
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| Fracture across the bone | Transverse Fx
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| A Break along the axis of bone | Linear Fx
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| Fracture at an angle to the diaphysis | Oblique Fx
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| Facture that angles around the bone (usually due to a twisting injury) | Spiral Fx
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| fracture of the distal radius at the wrist, often from falling on outstretched hand | Colles' fracture
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| fracture of the lower fibula due to excesssive stress on the ankle | pott's fracture
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| fracture of the 5th metatarsal | Jones Fracture
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| when a bone breaks, bleeding occurs from the blood vessels in the bone and | periosteum
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| bleeding and inflammation develop around the bone because of | soft tissue damage
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| forms in the medullary canal, under the periosteum, and between the ends of the bone fragments. | Hematoma (clot)
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| serves as the basis for a fibrin network into which granulation tissue grows | Hematoma
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| form new cartilage | Chondroblasts
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| during bone repair bone ends are splinted together by a | fibrocartilaginous Callus (gradually replaced by bone)
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| osteoblasts begin to generate | new bone
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| in children fractures heal in approxiately | 1 month
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| in adults heal in approx | 2 or more months
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| many casts are on for around | 6 weeks
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| muscle spasms, infections, and ischemia are all | complications of the healing process
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| may develope shortly after fx when there is more extensive inflammation (crush Fractures) | Compartment syndrome
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| increased pressure of fluid within fascia, the nonelastic covering of muscles (causes servere pain and ischemia or necrosis of muscle) | Compartment syndrome
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| risk when fatty marrow escapes from bone marrow into vein within 1st week after injury | fat emboli
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| more common in fracture of pelvis or long bones, especially if not well immobilized after injury | fat emboli
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| can travel to lungs and cause obstruction, extensive inflammation, and respiratory distress | fat emboli
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| can occur with severe trauma or tearing of perisoteum | nerve damage
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| may result if bone is not stabilized with ends closely aproximated and aligned | falure to heal
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| fractures at or near a joint can cause long term effects such as | osteoarthritis or stunted growth
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| grating sound heard if ends of bone fragments move over each other | Crepitus
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| ORIF | open reduction internal fixation
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| casts, splints, traction | immobilization
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| application of force or weight pulling on limb that is opposed by body weight. | traction
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| force maintains alignment of bones, prevents muscle spasms, and immobilizes the limb | traction
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| seperation of two bones at a joint with loss of contact between the articulationg bone surfaces | dislocations
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| if bone is only partially displaced | subluxation
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| tear in a ligament | sprain
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| tear in a tendon, muscle | strain
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| ligaments or tendons completely separated from their bony attachment | avulsion
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| a tendont or ligament requires this amount of time to become strong again | 6 weeks
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| most repetitive strain injuries involve | upper body
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| repetitive strain injuries age range | 30 - 50
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| repetitive strain injuries caused by | repetitive jobs (high stress levels)
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| strain injuries signs and symptoms | pain, weakness, numbness (clumsy with hands)
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| common metabolic bone disorder | osteoporosis
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| more common in women | osteoporosis
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| bone resorption exceeds bone formation | osteoporosis
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| osteoclast activity is greater than osteoblast | osteoporosis
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| leads to fragile bones subject to spontaneous fracture | osteoporosis
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| asymptomatic - back pain is common sign | osteoporosis
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| kyphosis and scoliosis common | osteoporosis
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| calcium intake in the child and young adult is critical to maintaining bone mass later in life. | osteoporosis
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| postmenopausal, senile, idiopathic | primary osteoporosis
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| following specific primary disorder (crushing syndrom) | secondary osteoporosis
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| results from deficit of vitamin d and poshphates | rickets & osteomalacia
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| bow legs, childs height usually below normal | rickets in children
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| in adults, results in soft bones and compression fractures | osteomalacia
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| progressive bone disease that occurs in adults older than 40 | pagets disease
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| majority of primary tumors are malignant | bone tumors
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| common site of secondary tumors, in spine and pelvis | bone tumors
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| malignant neoplasm that usually develops in the metaphysis of the femur, tibia, or fibula in children and young adults | osteosarcoma
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| malignant neoplasm common in adolescents that occurs in the diaphysis of long bones | ewings sarcoma
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| both (osteosarcoma/ewings sarcoma) can cause pathologic fractures and metasize of lungs | 5 year survival rate 30%
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| group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of skeletal muscle | muscular dystrophy
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| disorders differ in type of inheritance, are affected, age at onset, ad rate of progression | muscular dystrophy
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| most common muscualar dystrophy | duchenne's
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| metabolic defect leads to degeneration and necrosis of muscle cells | muscular dystrophy
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| skeletal muscle fibers are replaced by fat and fibrous connective tissue | muscular dystrophy
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| cardiomyopathy is common | muscular dystrophy
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| early signs appear at age 3, motor weakness and regression become evident | muscular dystrophy
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| initial weakness in the pelvi girdle cause a waddling gait | muscular dystrophy
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| gowers manuever is common | muscular dystrophy
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| weakness spread to muscle groups, tendon reflex reduced, respitory insufficiency and infections are common signs and symptoms | muscular dystrophy
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| death usually by age 20 from respitory or cardiac failure | muscular dystrophy
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| group of disorders characterized by pain and stiffness effecting muscles tendons, and surrounding soft tissue. not joints | fibromalgia
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| 18 trigger points where pain and tenderness is may be stimulated have been identified | fibromalgia
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| higher in women 20-50 years old, sleep deprivation, stress, fatique. | fibromalgia
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| wear and tear arthritis - degenerative | osteoarthritis
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| 1 in 3 adults in the US have some degree of | OA
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| men are effected more then women | OA
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| eventually subchondrial bone exposed and damaged | OA
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| peices of osteophytes and cartilage break off into synovial cartilage | OA
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| primary form is idiopathic | OA
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| secondary is from injury or abuse | OA
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| once cartilage is damaged frictionless surface of articular cartilage lost | OA
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| pain, joint movement limited, walking becomes difficult, creptius may be heard. | OA
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| autoimmune disease, causeing chronic systemic inflammatory disease | RA
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| 1% or more of population is effected | RA
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| higher incidence in women than men, and increases in older individuals | RA
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| remissions and exacerbation lead to progressive damage to the joints. | RA
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| insidiously with bilateral involvment of the small joints such as the fingers, followed by inflammation and destruction of additional joints | RA
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| 1st step is abnormal immune resonse, cause red swollen painfull joints. | RA
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| after 1st period of acute inflammation, joint may appear to recover fully, | RA
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| Synovitis | inflammation recurs, synovial cells proliferate
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| pannus formation | granulation tissue from synovium spreads over articular capsule
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| carilage erosion | eroded by enzymes from pannus, pannus also cuts off nutrients
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| fibrosis | pannus between bone ends become fibrotic, limits movement
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| anklosis | joints fixation and deformity
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| seems to be linked to several viral infections | RA
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| developes in a single joint | infectous (septic) Arthritis
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| causes of infectious septic arthritis | bacteria, lyme disease
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| agressive antimicrobial is treament for | Infectious septic arthritis
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| most common in men older than 40 | gout
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| results from deposits of uric acid and urate crystals in joint | gout
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| usually effects a single joint | gout
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| chronic progressive inflammatory condition | anklosing spondylitis
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| affects the sacroillac (SI) joints, intervebral spaces, and costoverbral joints of the axial skeleton | anklosing spondylitis
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| usually developes in those 20-30 years old | anklosing spondylitis
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| vertebral joints first become inflamed | anklosing spondylitis
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| fribrosis and calcification/fusion of the joints then occurs | anklosing spondylitis
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| inflammation ocurrs in SI joints and prgresses up the spine | anklosing spondylitis
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| initially low back pain, morning stiffness, pain often worse when laying down | anklosing spondylitis
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| as calcification develops the spine becomes more rigid, and motion is impaired | anklosing spondylitis
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| 1/3 of individuals develop systemic signs, fatique, fever, weight loss | anklosing spondylitis
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