ch.10-ch13
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Phylogenetics | -Each species retains some characteristics of its ancestor -Grouping organisms according to common properties implies that a group of organisms evolved from a common ancestor .Anatomy .Fossils .rRNA | Morphological characteristics | Useful for identifying eukaryotes
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| Taxonomy | -The science of classifying organisms -Provides universal names for organisms -Provides a reference for identifying organisms | Differential staining | Gram staining, acid-fast staining
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| Prokaryotic species | A population of cells with similar characteristics Culture: Grown in laboratory media Clone: Population of cells derived from a single cell Strain: Genetically different cells within a clone | Biochemical tests | Determines presence of bacterial enzymes
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| Eukaryotic species | A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves | Serology | -Agglutination occurs in a positive sample
-Combine known antiserum plus unknown bacterium
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| Animalia | Multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic | Identification | Matching characteristics of an “unknown” organism to lists of known organisms.
-Clinical lab identification
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| Plantae | Multicellular; cellulose cell walls; usually photoautotrophic | ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay | -Known antibodies
-Unknown type of bacterium
-Antibodies linked to enzyme
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| Fungi | Chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments | Flow Cytometry | -Uses differences in electrical conductivity between species
-Fluorescence of some species
-Cells selectively stained with antibody plus fluorescent dye
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| Viral species | Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche | Nucleic Acid Hybridization | -complete hybridization: Identical
-partial hybridization: Related
-no hybridization: unrelated
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| Classification | Placing organisms in groups of related species. Lists of characteristics of known organisms. | Domain Bacteria | -Proteobacteria:From the mythical Greek god Proteus, who could assume many shapes
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| The Alphaproteobacteria: Rickettsia - | Rickettsia: Arthropod-borne, spotted fevers -R. rickettsii: Rocky Mountain spotted fever -Rocky Mountain spotted fever is the deadliest tick fever | Alphaproteobacteria: Agrobacterium | Insert a plasmid into plant cells, inducing a tumor
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| The Alphaproteobacteria:Nitrogen-fixing bacteria | -Azospirillum -Rhizobium | The Betaproteobacteria | -Bordetella:
B. pertussis
-Burkholderia:
Cepacia-common
in CF patients
Cystic fibrosis
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| The Gammaproteobacteria :Pseudomonadales | -Pseudomonas: -Opportunistic pathogens -Metabolically diverse -Polar flagella -Common in CF patients | The Gammaproteobacteria :Legionellales | -Legionairres Disease
-L. pneumophilia
-30% mortality rate more common in older man
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| The Gammaproteobacteria :Vibrionales | -Vibrio cholerae causes cholera -Still kills a lot in 3rd world countries Through excessive lose of chloride ion | The Epsilonproteobacteria:-Helicobacter -H. pylori | -Helicobacter
-H. pylori:
Multiple flagella
Peptic ulcers
Stomach cancer
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| Clostridiales: Clostridium | Endospore-producing Obligate anaerobes | Chlamydias: Chlamydia trachomatis | -Trachoma: common form of blindness
-STI, urethritis
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| Yeasts | -Unicellular fungi -Fission yeasts divide symmetrically -Budding yeasts divide asymmetrically | Sexual Reproduction: Three phases | -Plasmogamy: Haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (–)
-Karyogamy: + and – nuclei fuse
-Meiosis: Diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)
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| Ascomycota | Sac fungi | Fungal Diseases (Mycoses): 5 Mycoses | -Systemic mycoses: Deep within body
-Subcutaneous mycoses: Beneath the skin
-Cutaneous mycoses: Affect hair, skin, and nails
-Superficial mycoses: Localized, e.g., hair shafts
-Opportunistic mycoses: Caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi
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| Lichens | -Mutualistic combination of an alga (or cyanobacterium) and fungus -Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates; fungus provides holdfast | Three Types of Lichens | -Fruticose
-Folios
-Crustose
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| Rhodophyta | Red algae | Chlorophyta | Green algae
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| Diatoms | -Pectin and silica cell walls -Unicellular -Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthophylls -Store oil -Fossilized diatoms formed oil -Produce domoic acid | Dinoflagellates | -Red Tied
-Cellulose in plasma membrane
-Unicellular
-Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthins
-Store starch
-Some are symbionts in marine animals
-Neurotoxins cause paralytic shellfish poisoning
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| Oomycota | -Water molds -Cellulose cell walls -Multicellular -Chemoheterotrophic -Produce zoospores | Archaezoa | Giardia lamblia: Gastrointestinal infection
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| Amoebozoa | Entamoeba: Ammebic=Dysentory- | Euglenozoa | Trypanosoma spp.
-Sleeping sickness:African sleepning sickness and affects the brain
-Chagas’ disease: -near the Aztecs
-destroys heart
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| The Heartworm Dirofilaria immitis | The heartworm is a type of filaria, a small thread-like worm | Arthropods as Vectors | -May transmit diseases (vectors)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda (exoskeleton, jointed legs)
Class: Insecta (6 legs)
Lice, fleas, mosquitoes
Class: Arachnida (8 legs)
Mites and ticks
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| Arthropods as Vectors | -Mechanical transmission -Biological transmission :Microbe multiplies in vector -Definitive host :Microbe’s sexual reproduction in vector | General Characteristics of Viruses | -Obligatory intracellular parasites
-Host range is determined by specific host attachment sites and cellular factors
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| Protista | A catchall kingdom for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms -Grouped into clades based on rRNA | DNA Chip Technology | Red:gene normal cells
Green:mutated gene tumor
Yellow: in both cells
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Created by:
jsmiron
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