Abdomen Review
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| What are the breathing instruction for an abdominal radiograph? | Suspended expiration
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| Which body plane is centered to the midline of the IR for an abdominal radiograph? | Midsagittal
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| Which organ produces bile? | Liver
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| Which body function does the pancreas perform? | Production of digestive juices
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| Which organ stores and concentrates bile? | Gallbladder
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| Which substance activates muscular contraction of the gallbladder? | Cholecystokinin
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| The spleen is part of which body system? | Lymphatic
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| In which organ are clusters of islet cells found? | Pancreas
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| How many major lobes does the liver have? | Two
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| Which structure forms the mesentery and omenta folds? | Peritoneum
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| Which organ's blood is supplied by the portal vein? | Liver
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| Which duct is formed by the merging of the right and left hepatic ducts? | Common hepatic
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| Which duct is formed by the union of the cystic duct with the common hepatic duct? | Common bile
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| Where do the pancreatic and common bile ducts terminate? | Duodenum
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| Which duct connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct? | Cystic
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| Which 3 projections usually comprise the acute adbomen series for ambulatory patients? | Supine KUB, AP upright abdomen, PA chest
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| Why is it desirable to include the diaphragm in the upright abdominal x-ray? | To demonstrate free air in the abs
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| Which projection should be used to demonstrate free air within the ab cavity when the patient is unable to stand for an upright ab x-ray? | AP projection, left lateral decubitus position
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| Which projection does not demonstrate free air levels within the abdomen? | AP projection with the patient supine
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| What is the major advantage of the PA projection of the abdomen over the AP projection of the abdomen? | PA projection reduces exposure dose to the gonads.
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| Which x-ray position of the abs requires the patient to be supine with the CR directed to a lateral side of the patient, entering slightly anterior to the MCP? | Dorsal decubitus
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| For the lateral projection with the patient placed in the dorsal decubitus position, where should the CR enter the patient? | 2 inches anterior to the MCP and 2 inches above the level of the iliac crests.
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| Which structures should be examined to see whether the patient was rotated for a lateral projection of the abdomen? | Pelvis and lumbar vertebrae
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| Define cholangiography. | The radiographic study of the bilary ducts.
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| Which of the following is indicated for patients with jaundice and dilated biliary ducts? | PTC
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| Which of the following is used to detect residual stones in the biliary ducts? | T-tube cholangiography
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| Air bubbles present in the T-tube during cholangiography can mimic what? | Cholesterol stones
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| What position is the patient placed in for postoperative cholangiographic images? | RPO
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| Which of the following is indicated when the biliary ducts are not dilated and the ampulla is not obstructed? | ERCP
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| Name 5 structures found in the abdominal cavity. | Stomach, Liver, Gallbladder, Spleen, Pancreas, Kidneys
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| Name the 4 structures found in the pelvic cavity. | Rectum, Bladder, Reproductive organs, Sigmoid of large intestine
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| The abdominopelvic cavity is enclosed within what? | Peritoneum
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| What is the outer portion of the peritoneum called? | Parietal Peritoneum
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| What is the inner portion of the peritoneum called? | Visceral Peritoneum
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| What is the space between the 2 layers of peritoneum called? | Peritoneal cavity
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| What is the largest gland in the body? | The liver
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| What is the function of the spleen? | To produce lymphocytes and to store and remove dead/dying RBCs
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| What does PTC stand for? | Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography
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| Which AP abdomen position (supine or upright) is preferred for most initial exams? | Supine
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| Where is the CR centered for an upright PA abdomen x-ray? | 2 inches above the level of the iliac crests
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| Why is ERCP used? | To diagnose biliary and pancreatic patholgical conditions
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| How is ERCP performed? | By passing a fiberoptic endoscope orally into the duodenum under fluroscopic control.
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| For a right or left dorsal decubitus position with a lateral projection, where is the CR directed? | Horizontal and perpendicular to the center of the IR, entering the midcoronal plane 2 inches above the level of the iliac crests.
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| For the left lateral decubitus position with an AP projection, where is the CR directed? | Horizontal and perpendicular to the midpoint of the IR.
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| Cholecystography | Study of gallbladder
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| Cholegraphy | Study of biliary system
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| What do the pancreas produce? | Insulin, Glucagon
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| What is the purpose of the portal vein and hepatic artery? | To deliver blood to the liver
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| Porta hepatis | Hilum of the liver.
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| Falciform ligament | Divides liver into small left lobe and large right lobe.
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| Pneumoperitoneum | Presence of air in peritoneal cavity.
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| Cholelithiasis | Presence of gallstones
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| Choledocholithiasis | Calculus in common bile duct.
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| Cholecystitis | Acute or chronic inflammation of gallbladder.
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| If free air is suspected on a patient, which positions could be performed? | Upright; Left lateral decubitus
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| What organ occupies most of the right hypochondrium and the epigastrium regions of the abdomen? | The liver
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| What is formed when the right and left hepatic ducts join together? | The common hepatic duct
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| What hormone activates muscular contractions of the gallbladder? | Cholecystokinin
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| What is another name for the ampulla of Vater? | Hepatopancreatic ampulla
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| The spleen is part of which body system? | Lymphatic
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| What does deglutition mean? | Swallowing food
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| What is the name of the main bile duct leading directly from the liver? | Hepatic duct
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| What is the name of the opening in the proximal end of the stomach? | Cardiac orifice
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| What is the name of the organ that lies within the duodenal loop? | Pancreas
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| Which of the following abdominal organs produces and secretes digestive enzymes? | Pancreas
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| What is the name of the proximal portion of the stomach? | Fundus
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| Where does the majority of food digestion take place? | Small intestine
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| What is the name of the duct that transports bile from the gallbladder? | Cystic duct
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| In the HYPERSTHENIC patient, where does the stomach lie? | High and Horizontal
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| The gallbladder will be located near the vertebrae in which body habitus type? | Asthenic
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| What is the name of the flexure that lies between the transverse colon and the descending colon? | Splenic
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| What is the name of the mucosal folds that are visible when the stomach is empty? | Rugae
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