BASIC CHEMISTRY A&P1
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| Chemical Reactions | The making or breaking of bonds between atoms.
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| Synthesis reactions | anabolism
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| Endergonic | IN. Requires energy. Usually releases water during synthesis
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| dehydration reactions | Releases water during synthesis.
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| Decomposition reactions | catabolism. Releases energy
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| Exergonic | OUT. Releases energy. Split by water into several products
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| hydrolysis reaction | water becomes part of the product.
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| Solvent | more abundant
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| Solvent | less abundant
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| Solute + Solvent | Solution
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| cohesion | water molecules sticking together (drop)
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| adhesion | water molecules sticking to another surface (glass)
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| high specific heat | the ability to absorb and release large quantities of heat without significant changes in temperature.(lake effect example)
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| high heat of vaporization | he ability to absorb large quantities of heat BEFORE vaporizing (skin example)
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| water is a | lubricant
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| water has | high surface tension
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| water uniquely expands or contracts upon freezing? | expands
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| list 6 properties of water | 1. excellent solvent & suspending medium 2. participates in chemical reactions 3. cohesion & adhesion 4. high specific heat 5. high heat of vaporization 6. lubricant 7. high surface tension 8. expands upon freezing (unique).
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| Electrolyte | substance that IONIZES (dissociates) when put in HzO and will conduct an electric current.
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| acid | electrolyte that produces H+ in water (HCl)
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| base | electrolyte that produces OH- (hydroxide) ions in water (NaOH)
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| salt | electrolyte that produces neither H+ nor OH- in water. (NH4Cl)
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| non-electrolyte | substance that does not ionize when put in HzO (glucose)
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| Carbolic acids used for cleaning | Phenol & Lister
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| Acid-base Balance*** | The Concept of pH
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| pH measures the degree of | acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of a solution
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| The lower the pH | the more H+ (less basic)
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| The higher the pH | the less the H+, the less acid (more basic)
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| acid has a high what? what is the numerical value? | H+ value 0
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| bases have a high what? what is the numerical value? | OH- value 14
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| pH 7 | neutral. H2O.
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| A change of one whole number on the pH scale represents | a 10 fold change in If concentration. measured in Logs.
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| pH= | -log[H+]
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| pH -4 is 10x the H+ concentration of pH -3. What is pH -5 to pH -3? | 100x the H+ concentation
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| The Central Roles of Carbon (3) | carbon backbone. Always 4 bonds. can bond with other carbons to form long chains (unique*).
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| what type of bonds does C use? | covalent
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| principle function is to provide energy | carbohydrates (principle)
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| C, H, O ONLY Cn(H20)n | carbohydrates (elements)
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| Basic carbohydrate unit | Monosaccharides
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| 2 types of Monosaccharides | pentose & hexose sugars
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| pentose sugars (2 examples) | 5*. ribose & deoxyribose
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| hexose sugars (3 examples) | 6*. fructose, glucose (blood sugar, or dextrose) & galactose (milk sugar)
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| what type of sugar is sweetest | fructose - hexose
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| disaccharides (3 examples) | two sugar unit. sucrose (fructose+glucose), lactose (galactose+glucose), maltose (glucose+glucose).
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| hydrophobic | hates water. fatty acid head of a phospholipid
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| hydrophilic | love water. bonding portion & tail of phospholipid
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| polysaccharides (3 types) | polymers, long chains of repeating sugar units. 1. starch 2. glycogen 3. cellulose
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| poly | many
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| mer | unit
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| starch | digestible polysaccharide. storage form of glucose in plants
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| glycogen | digestible polysaccharide. storage form of glucose in animals (liver and skeletal muscle)
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| cellulose | polysaccharide. indigestible glucose (plant cell walls)
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| lipids are composed of what?. What do they tend to do in water? | C, H, O (sometimes P). Insoluble tenancy in water.
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| lipid types (4) | 1. triglycerides 2. phospholipids 3. steroids 4. prostaglandins
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| triglycerides | lipid. storage form of energy (fat). Consist of 1 glycerol * 3 fatty acids (3 carbons).
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| fatty acids can be (4 types) | 1. saturated 2. unsaturated 3. cis fatty acids 4. trans fatty acids
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| saturated triglycerides | MAX H+. contains no double bonds between carbons; maximum number of hydrogens
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| unsaturated triglycerides | NOT MAX H+. contains one or more double bonds between carbons; hydrogens can be added-hydrogenation
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| cis fatty acid triglycerides | SAME H+! hydrogens are bonded to the double- bonded carbons on the same side of the molecule.
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| trans fatty acid triglycerides | OPPOSITE H+! hydrogens are bonded to the double- bonded carbons on opposite side of the molecule. Bad for you.
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| unsaturated fats | liquid, plants
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| saturated fats | solid, animal
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| phospholipids | lipid. components of cell membranes. Consist of
1 glycerol + *2* fatty acids + phosphate + other group.
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| hydrophobic tails (fatty acids) and hydrophilic heads (phosphate + other) | phospholipid
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| steroids (5 examples) | lipid. all have the cyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus. cholesterol, bile salts, male& female hormones, vitamin D, adrenocortical hormones
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| prostaglandins (PG) | lipids, local hormones*. 20 carbon fatty acids with a ring structure. Act as local hormones
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| Proteins consist of? Basic unit? | C, H, O, *N*, (some S).
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| basic unit of protein | amino acid
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| how many amino acids are there? | 20
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| amino acid bonds | covalent peptide bond. Water splits off.
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| When 2 amino acids combine, water splits off. Therefore, this is a(n) ________________reaction. | dehydration
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| The joining of two amino acids produces a | dipeptide
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| The joining of three amino acids produces a | tripeptide
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| many amino acids connected are called | polypeptide
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| many many amino acids are called | proteins
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| sequence of amino acids | primary structure of proteins (1st). different seq= different proteins.
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| the primary structure forming a helix or pleated sheet | secondary structure of proteins (2nd)
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| the 3-D structure gives a protein its FUNCTION | tertiary structure of proteins (3rd). held together by H+ bonds & disulfide bridges.
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| disruption of the tertiary structure of a protein. Loss of function. Caused by heat or chemicals. | denaturation
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| protein's function is defined by its | shape of protein
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| nucleic acid consists of | C, H, O, N, P
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| basic unit of nucleic acid | nucleotide
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| nucleic acid types (2) | RNA & DNA
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| AGCU, single strand | RNA
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| AGCT, double helix | DNA
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| what type of bonds do DNA & RNA use? | H+
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| A+B -> C + H2O | dehydration reaction
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| C + H20 = A + B | hydrolysis reaction
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| containes C, H, O | lipids, carbohydrates
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| monosaccharide types | pentose & hexose
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| name the pentose sugars | RNA & DNA
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| name the hexose sugars | fructose, glucose, galactose
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| sucrose + H20 -> | fructose + glucose
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| lactose + H2O -> | galactose + glucose
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| Maltose + H20 -> | glucose + glucose
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| phospholipid heads __________ water | are attracted to water (love it)
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| phospholipid tails ___________ water | hate water
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| polysaccharide basic unit | polymer
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| C, H, O, N | proteins
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| The ____ groups of one AA can combine with _____ groups of another AA to form a _______. | carboxyl; amine; dipeptide
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| 2 AA combining is a ________ reaction | dehydration
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| C, O, H, N, P | nucleic acid
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| In RNA, adenine bonds with | uracil (A-U)
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| In DNA, adenine bonds with | thymine (A-T)
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