121 Imaging Unit 1
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| Density is a _____ Photographic property. | Quantitative
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| Density defines the ______ of the image. | Completeness
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| Density & Contrast control the _____ of details | Visibility
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| Proper _____ is required to correctly evaluate contrast, recorded detail or distortion | Density
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| Factors that Influence & Control Density are: 2 things | 1) Pt. Thickness & Opacity
2) Prime Factors
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| What are the 4 prime factors? | 1) mA
2) Time
3) kVp
4) Distance (SID)
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| Things that determine Pt. thickness & Opacity | 1) Physique (habitus)
2) Age/Sex
3) Development
4) Pathology/Trauma
5) Tissue composition/Density
6) Ratio of Soft tissue/bone or Fat/muscle
7) Hollow vs. solid organs
8) Presence or absence of contrast
9) Presence or absence of cast
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| Post reduction wet cast technique (2) | 1) 2x mAs + 10% kVp
2) +15kVp
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| Post reduction dry cast technique | 1) 2x mAs
2) 15 kVp
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| ____, ______, ______, & ______ are main factors that influence how much radiation will be absorbed by a body part | 1) Thickness
2) Atomic number
3) Atomic Density
4) kilovoltage
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| __-___cm thickness of normal tissue will absorbe ____% of a typical beam of xrays | 1) 4-5
2) 50%
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| # of Electrons moving from cathode to anode per second is the _____ _____ and is measured in ____ | 1) Tube current
2) mA
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| mA controls the _________ of the x-ray beam | Exposure Rate
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| Radiographic density is ______ proportional to mA if time is constant. | Directly
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| ______ _______ is the duration that the tbe current is allowed to flow. | Exposure Time (time)
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| ____ does not control or influence the exposure rate, but rather how long the exposure is permitted to continue | Time
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| mAs is the ______ of mA & _____. | 1) Product
2) Time
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| Radiographic density is _____ proportional to mAs | Directly
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| mA & Time are ______ proportional if all other factors are constant | Inversely
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| ______% change in mAs is needed to have a visible change | 30%
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| To correct moderate overexposure you should ______ mAs by _______ | 1) reduce
2) one half
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| To Correct moderate underexposure you should ______ mAs by ______ | 1) increase
2) Double
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| ______ or a slight enlarging of the focal spot. | Blooming
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| Blooming or slight enlargment of the focal spot occurs with ______ ______ of mA. The F.S. tends to decrease slightly when kVP is ______ | 1) large increases
2) Increased
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| Changing mAs does not influence the penetration ability of the xray beam? True or False | True
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| mAs influences the number of _____ produced | xray photons
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| _____ is the electric potential difference (electrical pressure) applied b/t the cathode & anode in the xray tube and serves to drive the electrons from the filament on the cathode to the target on the anode | kVp
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| As kV is increased the energy of the photons ______ and the beam is ___ penetrating | 1) increase
2) more
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| 1) kV increase will increase the _____ & ______ of the beam and _____ the wavelength. | 1) Energy
2) Penetration
3) Decrease
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| With all other factors the same, increasing kV will _____ exposure rate | increase
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| kV is the controlling factor of _______. | Contrast
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| Increasing kV _______ contrast | decreases
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| kVp is a secondary controlling or influencing factor for ______ | Density
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| kVp has a ______ relationship b/t it and exposure but it is not proportional. | Direct
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| There is no precise method for determining kVp-mAs density ratio. True or False | True
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| Law of Reciprocity | mA * T = mAs
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| Sharpness of Detail has 2 subcategories | 1) Recorded Detail
2) Distortion
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| Recorded Detail has 3 factors | 1) Geometric Factor
2) Motion Factor
3) Material Factors
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| Geometric Factors are (3) | 1) Focal Spot size
2) SID
3) OID
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| Material factors are (2) | 1) Film/Screen combination
2) Film/Screen contact
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| Distortion has 2 Factors | 1) Size distortion
2) Shape Distortion
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| Size distortions are (2) | 1) SID
2) OID
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| Shape Distortion is | Tube-part-film alignment
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| Visibility of detail has 2 subcategories | 1) Density
2) Contrast
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| Density factors (9) | 1) mAs
2) kVp
3) SID
4) Collimation
5) Grid Ratio
6) Filtration
7) Pathology
8) Anatomy
9) Film/Screen Combination
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| Contrast Factors (7) | 1) kVp
2) Collimation
3) Grid Ratio
4) Filtration
5) Pathology
6) Anatomy
7) Film/Screen Combination
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| Gray Scale What shows up in each 1) Black= ______ (1) 2) Dark Gray= ______(1) 3) Medium Gray= _______(1) 4) Light Gray=______(2) 5) Lighter Gray= _____(3) 6) White=_____(2) | 1) Air
2) Nothing
3) Fat
4) Fluid/Water
5) Muscle, Blood, Solid Organs
6) Bone, Contrast Media
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| Grid Factors 1) NO Grid = _____ 2) 5:1=____ 3) 6:1=____ 4) 8:1=____ 5) 10:1 & 12:1=____ 6) 15:1 & 16:1=____ | 1) 1
2) 2
3) 3
4) 4
5) 5
6) 6
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| Black areas are called _____ and white areas are called _____ | 1) Opaque
2) Translucent
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| Black areas on the film have received less radiation exposure. True or False | False
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| White areas received less radiation exposure. True or False | True
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| What are the 4 Radiograpic Properties | 1) Density
2) Contrast
3) Recorded Detail
4) Distortion
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| _______ measures light transmitted through Film | Dencstometer
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| _______ measures the amount of Ionization in air | Dosimeter
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| _____ _____ _____ are on the film and react with xray Photons afterward they become ____ ____ ____ which shows up black on xray film | 1) Silver Halide Crystals
2) Black Metallic Silver
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| The formation of silver halide crystals to black metallic silver is called the what | Gurney-Mott Theory
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| Density is useful as a diagnostic tool when it falls within this range. | .25+b+f - 2.0+b+f
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| Smallest bundle/packet of energy that travels in wave form but is not visible | Photon
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| Exposure Rate is also known as _____ | Time
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| Ionization in Air is measured in | Roentgen
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| 2*mA = 2*#Electrons = 2*#x-rays = 2*Density True or false | True
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| ______ is the adding or removing of electrons from an atom | Ionization
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| mAs is the ______ controller of x-ray _____ & ______ | 1) Primary
2) Quantity
3) Density
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| xray quantity & radiographic density are indirectly proportional to mAs True or False | False
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| Short wavelength has ____ penetration and is caused by ____ kVp | 1) High
2) High
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| Long wavelength has ____ penetration and is caused by ___ kVp | 1) low
2) Low
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| ___ has the greatest effect on density compared to mA, Time & SID | kVp
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| Doubling the kVp will cause density to increase by a factor of 4, 5, or 6 True or False | True
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| Changes in kVp can be visible as low as ___% | 5%
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| To increase kVp by 15% is like doubling the mAs and decreasing kVp by 15% is like halving the mAs this is called the what | 15% Rule
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| kV and contrast are _____ proportional | inversely
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| to decrease contrast and maintain density you would do what | Increase kVp by 15% & 1/2 mAs
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| to increase contrast and maintain density you would do what | Decrease kVp by 15% & Double mAs
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