Reproductive Physiology and Behavior
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| Reproductive Systems and Strategies | Asexual: Fission (i.e. unicellular organisms), Partheogenesis: Virgin birth obligatory/occassional (i.e. Amazon mollies, whiptail lizards, Aphids) | Sexual:
- Hermaphroditism (sperm AND eggs): Simultaneous/Serial
(i.e. Many invertebrates (Aplysia), Some fishes)
- Gonochorism (sperm OR eggs): Sexually dimorphic (most mammals), Sexually monomorphic (many birds)
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| Mating Strategies | Birds: most common - monogamy Mammals: most common - promiscuity |
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| Stages of Reproductive Behavior | Courtship: Attraction, Appetitive Behavior • Estrus. The periodic state most female mammals are receptive to mating (precedes ovulation). • Pheromones: maybe cardinal signal btw potential mates • Proceptive behavior: ear-wiggling, hop-darting. • Lord | Copulation
Comparative:• Variations in female behavior
– Estrus in many but not all mammals
– ovarian cyclicity
– Induced ovulation (mechanical, hormonal)
• Copulatory lock
• Number of intromissions - Prolactin
• Coolidge effect –refractory period
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| Interaction between hormones and behavior | Number of intromissions causes increase in prolactin in female to permit implantation of fertilized egg. | .
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| Effects of manipulation of hormone levels | castration/testosterone therapy effects on high drive, medium drive, low drive | .
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| Human Sexual Behavior | • Kinsey Report -first descriptive information -surprising findings: prevalence of masturbation, homosexuality, etc. • Masters and Johnson -detailed physiology of copulation and sexual responses in men and women -first scientific evidence of female | ..
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| Phases of Sexual Differentiation | 1: SRY gene expression by week 7 if XY. 2: If SRY protein is present, testis (testosterone/MRH secretion)(otherwise:ovary: little hormone secretion) 3: If testes, MRH causes mullerian system to regress, and testosterone causes wolffian system to develop | If ovaries, wolffian system spontaneously regresses and mullerian system develops.
4: If testes, 5-alpha-reductase in genital skin converts T to DHT > male external genitalia. Ovaries, peripheral tissue and genital tubercle -> female external genitalia
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| XO Genotype: Turner Syndrome | . | .
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| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia | intersex phenotype | .
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| XY Genotype/androgen insensitivity | . | .
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| Organizational versus activational effects | . | .
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| Aromatase System |
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| Neurochemistry of Sexual behavioral | Prairie Voles: more oxytocin Montane Voles | .
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| Brain Dimorphisms | Rat: -Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus of the Preoptic Area (smaller in females) Humans: Hypothalamic Nuclei and Sexual Orientation -INAH 1-4: smaller in homosexual men | .
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