Enlightenment
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| Ancients and Moderns | Ancients believed that Greeks and Romans had never been surpasses (boo changes yay feudalism); Moderns thought own time was best - logical because they had more time to build knowledge
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| First Cause | the modern person's view of God; feared him less, no longer a 'Father'; more of a designer, up to us to discover it (scientific backing of religion)
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| Watchmaker | analogy used to scientifically back up the existance of God; would reason about God, shows religious undercurrent during Enlightenment; world, like watch, too complex to just appear, needs a designer to create it
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| Pietism | movement that stirred Germanic Lutherans; fix from within, illumination of soul rather than reason; counter-enlightenment
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| John Wesley | founder of Methodist church; evangelistic; preached to immense crowds; "enthusiastic"; individual worth and stressed religion outside of traditional churches
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| F.A. Mesmer | father of hypnotice, or mesmerizing; Austrian physician
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| Freemasonry | secret society, because it wasn't safe otherwise - drew skepticism; typical views: reason, progress, toleration
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| philosophe | a group of enlightened writers who were social or literary critics; spread their enlightened ideals through the masses for the public; approached subject in critical and inquiring spirit
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| Encyclopedie | Denis Diderot; first secular/Enlightened encyclopedia; collection of scientific, technical and historical knoledge
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| Denis Diderot | editor of Encyclopedie; a philosophe
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| Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire | Edward Gibon's famous book that attacked Christianity in a philosophical way; documents had questionable sources and contradictions
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| Montesquieu | 1689-1755; wrote The Spirit of Laws; to ensure liberty of people, power of gov needed to be divided into 3 branches; branches should have power to check/limit power of other 2 - no branch a threat of liberty; basis for US constitution; republic
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| Voltaire | 1684-1778; Escrasez l'infame-crush the infamous thing aka religion, stuff stops you thinking unsciencey; most famous; admired England, system befor maj Europe; - concerned w/polit freedom; gov enlighten society; 1 write secular history; enlight despotism
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| Rousseau | 1712-1778; swiss/frnch; The Social Contract; man of feeling,contradict himself; Man born free, in chains; legitgov is 1 who rules w/consent of people; people should b soverign; "General Will" of people is powerful: liberty&justice thrive; all kinds of gov
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| The Spirit of Laws | Montesquieu; gov would vary according to climate and size; 3 branches of gov for separation and balance of power: leg, executive, judical
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| Social Contract | Rousseau; "spirit of nature" was brutish and without morals or law; good men only by an improved society
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| General Will | an understanding where all individuals surrender national liberty to each other and fuse wants together; not determined by vote but by common interest; liberty&justice thrive, people surrender natural liberties to each other
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| physiocrat | "economists"; close to gov as advisors or admin; concerned themselves with fiscal&tax reform and national wealth
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| Adam Smith | British economic philosopher; The Wealth of Nations; internatiional free trade; domestic: market economy; 3 natural laws of economics: self interest, competition, supply and demand
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| self-interest | why do they start a business? self interest (for family, personal wealth etc)
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| competition | 2 positive effects: quality of product will go up; cheaper prices
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| suppy and demand | "invisible hand" controlling economy; market - what i can charge that people will buy?
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| Wealth of Nations | Adam Smith's book,
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| "invisible hand" | what guides the economy, 3 natural laws of economics
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| Enlightenment Philosophy | reason, nature, happiness, progress, liberty
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| Reason | a divine force, which is the absence of intolerance, bigotry, or prejudice in one's thinking
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| Nature | what is natural is also good and reasonable; there are natural laws of economics and politics just as there are natural laws of science
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| Happiness | well-being on earth is possible and a person who lived by nature's laws can find happiness
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| Progress | society and humankind can be perfected if people use the scientific approach
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| Liberty | the philosophes were inspired by the English Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights; believed that through reason, society could be set free
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| derivation of term "Age of Enlightenment"? | they coined it themselves
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| philosophies became obsessed with what? | progress!
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| center of Enlightenment | France
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| taille | French land tax that was paid mostly by poor; French people are rich but gov is poor (Old Bargain)
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| vintieme | (twentieth); 5% tax on all income for all property for all classes; lasts through revolution
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| Maupeou | gov official under Louis XV; try to implement some enlightened changes: get rid of local parlement, put his own people there; more uniform laws; anti-states rights; never enacted, Louis XV wipes it out
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| "Maupeou Parlements" | judges guarenteed a safe job; forbidden to reject gov edicts or judge constitutionality; only judicial process; people appointed by him
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| Turgot | early Louis XVI; drop internal tariffs; abolish corvee&tax reform (tax nobility)- nobles resist (Old Bargain); religious toleration; kicked out 1776
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| corvee | requirement that certain peasants labor on the roads each year; labor tax
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| Joseph II | king of enlightened despotism; no serfdom, equal tax, equal punishment, liberty of press, centralize state, national language; shows that enlight. despot only so powerful as majority can accept (policies changed after death)
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| Febronianism | open and brash clash w/the pope (Joseph II); national independence from Rome
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| "revolutionary emperor" | aka Joseph II; anticipated Frnch Revolution; reforms didnt last; absolute ruler cant necessarily do all he pleased (esp w/most powerful class against you)
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| "Old Fritz" | aka Fredrick the Great; religious freedom, elementary education, classes lived in segregated society (couldnt buy land from another class)- military aim, made all his own decisions-- shows why Prussia might not have lasted
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| Junker class | commanded the Prussian army and so couldn't be hassled by Kings (their serfs didnt get more liberties, couldnt push it)
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| enlightened despotism secular? | no mention of divine rights; anti-jesuit; no tie to church
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| jusity authority of enlightened despot? | usuefulness to society; "first servant of the state"; keeping power, but i'll be useful
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| meaning of different "tempo" of enlightened despot? | gotta do things now: fast and a lot
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| awkwardness in "dynastic" claim to throne for enlightened despot? | yes, no divine rights, but they inherited it; enlightenment all about breaking with past, tradition is wrong
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| what happens to govs of nations after being in major wars? | gov gets power from wars, gonna keep power after war; use power to fix society (progressive era)
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| why is France chronically poor? | Old Bargain - cant tax the nobles; might be richer than England, but inability to tax screws em over
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| who did France go to war w/ in 1778 | England - American Revolution
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| what aroused feelings of nationalism in Joseph II's reign? | had official language German; offended Bohemia and Hungary
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| virtual representation | England's responce to 'no representation'; you are because Commons didnt speak for local towns but for imperial interests as a whole
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| Treaty of Paris (1783) | ending of American Revolution; Britian maintains Savannah and Canada
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| federalism | allocation of power between central and local gov; developed in time of anti-centralized soverign power; compromise system w/power shared between states and central gov
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| "Old Regime" | french revolution replaces this with 'modern society'; pre-revolution gov of 3 Estates; Henry IV, Louis XIII, Louis XIV, Louis XV, Louis XVI
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| "modern society" | aka enlightened society/gov; democracy, individual freedoms and liberties; France after revolution
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| estate | social distinction, order of society, determined legal and bragging rights; 1st: clergy, 2nd: nobility, 3rd: everyone else
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| eminent property | lesser landlords within a manor could buy, sell, lease, inherit plots of land; owed rent to manor lord in exchange; BUT... land=blood; if i sell you piece, its not really yours, always mine; if i ever really need it i can take it back
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| feudal reaction | manorial lords raised collected dues more often because of rising living costs & higher living standards; peasants were under increasing pressure at a time when feudal dues became more unpopular; enemy to modernism & revolution, old feudal system
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| American War for Independence also European struggle for empire | taxes; France's huge involvment in that war - then used war in order to turn on Britian
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| Catherine II (The Great) | wife of Peter III & tzarina of Russia; summond a Legislative Commission; serdom ended up regressing; considered enlightened by the textbook
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| Legislative Commission | learned she (Catherine III) had a strong hold on Russia and so enacted reforms: legal condification, restrictions on tortue use, some religious toleration, couldnt do much for serfs
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| Emelian Pugachev | announced himself to be the true czar & military conscription; 10s of 1000s flocked to him; ravished through east Russia killing landlords & trashing towns; eventually betrayed
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| Eastern Question | the Polish - Turkish land that separated Russia from Western Europe (Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine)
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| "Greek Project" | Greek Orthodox: want to take back traditional Orthodox land that was taken by the Turks; aka take over Ottoman Empire; carve up Poland instead: balance of power (get port to Black Sea, cost of taking Ottoman Empire would antagonize Prussia& Austria, war)
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| Odessa | Russian seaport on Black Sea; major city in Russia
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| Alexander I | Catherine's grandson; raised in spirit of enlightenment; drove to be traditional by Napolean
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| "Atlantic Revolution" | 1760s - 1848; Democratic Revolution, Atlantic Revolution, Bourgerisie Revolution (them saying "we're done, not taking it from nobles anymore"); ideals of democracy affirmed
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| commonwealthmen | those who looked at Puritan Revolution & Cromwell favorably; undercurrent of discontent
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| Major John Cartwright | leader of the British Parliament Revolution
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| Edmund Burke | 1729-1797; founder of philosophical conservatism; landowning interest in a society should govern; parliament should be independent&responsible, not math represent; represents in parliamentary body should follow own best judgement of the countrys interest
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| Highlanders | Scots who revolted w/Jacobites in invasion of England; never been under gov, follow heads of clans; to control them, England clamped down
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| United Irish | Catholics & Presbyterians unite (enemy of enemy is friend); tryed to drive out England but British suppressed rebellion
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| Act of Union of 1801 | Ireland joined in United Kigndom of GB and Ireland
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| Englightenment continued what process in Russia | westernization
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| lawless struggle between Peter Great and Catherine Great - why? | family tree.. whoever had a claim to throne can do it, but not stable; (Peter Great hadnt named an hier to his throne)
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| reforms enacted by Catherine Great (enlightened despot) | committee to investigate country, see what needs to happen; lists laws & write down on paper; laws for everyone; considered reforming serdom: cant push it too far because nobles would be mad
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| Catherine the Great is... | the flag holder of enlightenment for medival people
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| effect of Pugachev's Rebellion | serfdom repressed; more restrictions, Catherine Great learned from mistake, no more freedom serfs!
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| foreign policy of Catherine Great | expansionism - enlightened despots arent peace lovers; what are we gonna do w/ eastern question?
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| undemocratic characteristics of Atlantic Revolution | still monarchs left after movement; not everyone gets to vote (only bourgeoisie); no welfare
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| ideals of Enlightened Despotism | major change to society by changing from above
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| representation based off what? | numbers
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| commonwealthmen believed that despotism in England could be traced back to what event | Norman Conquest
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