Anatomy-Chapter 11
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| A person has ____ to ____ liters of blood | 4 to 6
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| The normal pH range of blood is | 7.35 to 7.45, which is slightly alkaline
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| The viscosity of blood is | 3 to 5 times thicker than water
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| Plasma is the | liquid part of the blood
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| Plasma is made up of approximately | 91% water
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| The clotting factors are | prothrombin and fibrinogen
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| Albumin is the most abundant | plasma protein
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| Prothrombin, fibrinogen, albumin, alpha globulins, and beta globulins are all synthesized by the | liver
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| Other plasma proteins are called | globulins
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| Plasma also carries | body heat
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| The three kind of blood cells are | red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
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| Blood cells are produced from stem cell in | hemopoietic tissue
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| Lymphocytes mature and divide in | lymphatic tissue
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| Red bone marrow is found in | flat and irregular bones, such as the sternum, hip bone and vertebrae
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| Red blood cells are also called | erythrocytes
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| A normal RBC count is | 4.5 to 6.0 million cells per microliter
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| Hematocrit | The amount of RBCs in the blood
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| A normal hematocrit range is | 38% to 48%
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| Red blood cells contain the protein | hemoglobin
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| Hemoglobin gives RBCs the ability to carry | oxygen
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| The normal range of quantity of hemoglobin is | 12 to 18 gram per 100 mL
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| Red bone marrow may also be called | hemocytoblasts
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| Hypoxia | Lack of oxygen
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| Erythropoetin stimulates | the red bone marrow to increase the rate of RBC prodcution
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| normoblast | The last stage of the maturation of an RBC that has a nucleus
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| Red blood cells live for approximately | 120 days
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| Damaged cells are removed from circulation by cells of the | tissue macrophage system
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| Vitamin B12 is also called the | extrinsic factor
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| Parietal cells of the stomach lining produce the | intrinsic factor
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| Deficiency of B12 or the intrinsic factor results in | pernicious anemia
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| Clumping of blood | agglutination
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| Rupturing of blood cells | hemolysis
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| White blood cells are also called | leukocytes
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| A normal WBC count is | 5,000 to 10,000 per microliter
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| The granular leukocytes are | the neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
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| The agranular leukocytes are | lymphocytes and monocytes
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| WBCs help provide | immunity
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| Neutrophils and monocytes are capable of the | phagocytosis of pathogens
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| Neutrophils are the more _______ phagocytes | abundant
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| Monocytes are the more ______ phagocytes | efficient
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| Immature forms of neutrophils are called | band cells
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| Heparin is an | anticoagulant
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| Histamine | makes capillaries more permeable, allowing tissue fluid, proteins and white blood cells to accumulate in the damaged area
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| T cells | recognize foreign antigens and may directly destroy some foreign antigens
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| B cells | become plasma cells that produce antibodies to foreign antigens
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| T cells and B cells | provide memory for immunity
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| Natural kill cells | destroy foreign cells by chemically rupturing their membranes
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| Leukocytosis | high WBC count
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| Leukopenia | low WBC count
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| Leukemia | malignancy of leukocyte-forming tissues
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| Major histocompatibility complex | the genes for the self-antigens
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| Thrombocytes | platelets
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| Thrombopoeitin | a hormone produced by the liver that increases the rate of platelet production
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| Vascular spasm | The contraction of a smooth muscle in a large vessel when it is damaged
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| Platelet plugs | The barrier in a capillary wall when it is ruptured, formed by platelets
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| Chemical clotting | The stimulus for clotting is a rough surface within a vessel, or a break int eh vessel, which also creates a rough surface
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| The chemicals involved with clotting are | platelet factors, chemicals release by damaged tissues, calcium ions, and the plasma protein prothrombin, fibrinogen, Factor 8 and others synthesized by the liver
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| Vitamin K is necessary for the liver to synthesize | prothombrin and several other clotting factors
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| A clot itself is made of | fibrin
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| Clot retraction | the folding of the fibrin threads to pull the edges of the rupture in the vessel wall closer together
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| Fibrinolysis | The process of the dissolving of the clot
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| The ______ is smooth so abnormal clots do not occur | endothelium
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| Antithrombin prevents | excess clotting
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| A clot is called a | thrombus
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| An embolism is a | clot or other tissue that transported from somewhere else and lodged in and obstructs a vessel.
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| Normal hematocrit for girls | 35-45
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| Normal hematocrit for boys | 40-50
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| Hematocrit= | (Red blood cells/Total)* 100 (to convert to percent)
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| Blood Doping | Increasing hematocrit
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| What percentage of blood is plasma? | 57%
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| Hypertension | High blood pressure
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| Rouleaux formation | When RBCs line up to pass through very tiny capillaries one by one
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| Normal hemoglobin | 12-18
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