Cardio, ANS, PNS
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| 3 Component of Cardiovascular System | Heart, arteries, veins
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| Heart layers | Fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium
pericardial cavity
myocardium, endocardium
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| Structures of the heart | Chordae tendinae, 4 chambers, 4 valves (Tricuspid and bicuspid, aortic and pulmonary semilunar)
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| cardiac cycle | 1 heart beat average .8 seconds
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| systole vs diastole | systole is contracting, diastole is resting
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| coronary arteries | hearts direct blood supply (supply outside of heart)
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| Myocardial infraction | heart attack, heart tissue is starved of oxygen and has died, cannot replace itself. Causes: artherosclerosis= a build up of plaque which blocks artery
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| plaques | fatty deposits which have attached to inner lining. Causes: high cholesterol or genetics.
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| Blood vessels 3 types | Arteries (carry Blood) Veins (carry blood) lymphatic (Carry lymph fluid)
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| Layer of blood vessel walls | Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia/externa
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| tuinca intima | innermost layer, lining the lumen (simple squamous epithelium)
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| Tunica media | Smooth muscle with some elastin mixed in
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| tunica externa | outtermost layer, areolar CT, specialized blood vessels which supply tunica externa
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| Vaso vasorum | network of arteries and veins which supply the outer layer of larger vessels.
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| Artery vs vein pressure | Arteries are under higher pressure than veins, artery walls are thicker. Tunica media of arteries is thicker than that of veins
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| Artery vs vein shape | Arteries are more rounded, veins are more flattened.
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| Artery vein valves | Veins have valves, arteries do not. these valves are tunica intima flaps which keep moving blood towards the heart.
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| Artery types, progression from heart, branch to next | Elastic arteries to muscular arteries to arterioles(smallest of arteries) to capillaries
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| Capillaries | Tissue is able to take oxygen and nutrients from blood, capillaries empty into the smallest of veins (venules)
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| Elastic arteries | large arteries near near ex aorta
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| Where is the highest concentration of elastin | Tunica media
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| muscular arteries | supply organs and have less elastin, this results in more smooth muscle cells. smooth muscle helps control how much blood is going to each region of the body
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| elastic lamine of either side of tunica media | internal (between intima and media) external (between media and externa)
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| Arterioles Larger vs smaller | larger has all 3 tunica layers, smaller has only tunica media and endothelium cells.
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| capillary beds | end of the road drop off point for all the stuff blood is carrying. very thin walled structure single cells in diameter. Smooth muscle sphincters control flow through capillary bed
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| Capillaries make up | endothelium with a basement membrane
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| continuous capillary | tight junctions, connect simple squamous, some gaps for blood to flow
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| Fenstrated capillary | much leakier, pores through capillary bed itself still has tight junctions, complete basement membrane
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| Sinusoid | Leakiest, intercellular clefts, gaps between cells are huge. Some tight junctions. Basement membrane is incomplete w/ large gaps. (Spleen)
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| Flow of blood | Heart-->Elastic arteries-->muscular arteries-->arterioles-->capillaries
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| Veins smallest to largest *note all veins have very thin tunica media | venules, medium veins, larger veins(heart), valves, portal system
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| Varicose veins | Valves and veins stretched blood pools.
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| Blood function | Distribution of O2 and CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones. Helps regulate body temperature. Immune system
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| plasma | non cellular component 55% of blood, extracellular matrix. Fluid in which all cells are supported mainly water, nutrients, hormones, wastes.
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| Erthrocytes-disc shape dimple in middle high surface area | 40-45% of blood red blood cells. No nucleus and n organelles in mature form.Allows them to carry gases throughout body. Do not require O2 to survive. mainly hemoglobin(protein)
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| Hematopiesis | a new red blood cell formation red marrow in spongy bone (contains stem cells)
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| Leukocytes | white blood cells+Platelets= buffy coat very small component of blood
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| Blood types | A(antibody B),B(antibody a),O(antibody A and B),AB(no antibody necessary)
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| RH factor | Protein on red blood cells, if this protein is present +blood type, if protein in absent - blood type ex AB negative
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| Pregnancy complications of blood type | if mother is RH negative her body can create antibodies which potentially attack fetus.
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| Rho Gam | antibodies injected into the mother which prevent her from creating her own antibodes.
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| White blood cells( leukocytes) | Have organelles and nucleus, important in immune system
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| Diapedesis | white blood cells have the ability to squeeze between gaps and leave blood vessels.
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| Platelets | Fragments of megakaryocytes important in ability to form clot and stop bleeding.
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| Aneima | Reduced red blood cells typically due to lack of iron in the body. Iron is necessary to create hemoglobin
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| Sickle cell anemia | result of abnormally shaped red blood cells, major genetic component. Some cells take on a sickel shape which causes clotting and makes cells inefficient O2 carriers.
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| NERVOUS SYSTEM functions | Sensory input
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| Afferent information | sensory info traveling towards the brain
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| Interneurons integrate information | Process and interpret sensory info within central nervous system
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| Motor output | Response dictated by CNS, takes place in organs
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| 2 Divisions of nervous system | CNS-brain and spinal cord
PNW- cranial nerves + all branches and spinal nerves + all branches
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| Neurons | Excitable cells, carry impulse, conduct electrical impulses, do not divide and replace, can regrow certain damaged part but cannot replace dead cell
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| Supporting ells | Non excitable but help neurons function
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| Neuron make up | Cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath
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| cell body of neuron | contains nucleus if damaged cell will die.
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| Dendrites | 0-many carries impulses towards the cell body, receptive
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| Axon | carry info away from cell body
1 per neuron
up to 4ft long
axon terminal release neurotransmitters(communication)
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| Myelin sheaths PNS | Schwanna cells (PNS)- supporting cell of PNS, wraps around axon assist with rapid conduction, very insulted
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| Myelin sheaths CNS | Oligodendrocytes(CNS, insulated each will wrap around multiple acons.
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| MS | myelin sheath in CNS being broken down White blood cells attack oligodendrocytes.
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| Nerve | a collection of neurons in the PNS, Axon sction
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| Tracts | collection of neurons in the CNS. axon section
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| Structural classification of neurons | # of dendrites
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| multipolar | Multiple dendrites
most common
motor neurons and interneurons
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| Bipolar | 2 processes
1 dendrite/ axon
rare
retina of the eye for sensory function
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| Unipolar | 1 axon no dendrite
typical sensory neuron
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| Ganglion | cluster of cell bodies from multiple neurons
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| Somatic motor | Skeletal muscles, skin, sensory (eye)
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| somatic sensory | touh, pain, temperature
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| visceral motor | organs and structures inside the body cavity
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| visceral sensory | check
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| Nerve composition | Sensory, motor, mixed(typical nerve)
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| Mixed nerve vascularized | contains neurons of all types
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| endonuerium | Thin reticular CT surrounding an axon and its sheath
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| Perineurium | fibrous CT surrounding fasicles(group of axons)
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| Epineurium | dense irr. Ct surrounds whole nerve
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| Synapse | site where neurons communicate
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| Presnyaptic neuron | Neuron before synapse
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| Postsynaptic neuron | Neuron after synapse
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| Neurotransmitters | Axon terminal contains vesicles with neurotransmitters (chemical messenger)
Relased into synaptic cleft and is picked up by receptors on postsynaptic neuron.
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| Types of Synapses | 3 types acondendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic
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| acondendritic | most common, between presynaptic axon and postsynaptic dendrite
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| Axosomatic | between presynaptic axon and postsynaptic cell body
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| Axoaxonic | between presynaptic axon and postsynaptic axon. Not common
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| CNS supporting cells | Astrocytes
surround neurons an capillaries
take up and release ion, sugars to nourish neurons
uptake excess neurotransmitters
most abundant.
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| Microglia CNS | Phagocytes which engulf and remove invading organisms and dead or damaged neural tissue
Macrophages
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| Ependymal CNS | Simple cuboidal epi.
Ciliated
Line the central hollow portions o CNS (ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord)
circulation of cerebro-spinal fluid
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| Oligodendrocytes CNS | Creat myelin sheath
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| Supporting Cells of PNS | Satellite cells, schwanna cells
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| Satellite cells PNS | insulate cell body
Ganglia contain many cell bodies from many neurons.
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| Schwaan cells | Myelin sheath in PNS
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| Tic Douloureux | Blood vessels rub upon trigeminal nerve root (face)
Satellite cells of sensory neurons in face have broken down causing crossover information
PAIN or spasms in face
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| fMRI | functional measure of blood flow
Oxygen need by cell
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| Brain basic protection | Bone, skull and vertebrae
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| (Brain)Meninges | Protection membranes which envelopes CNS
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| Dura Mater | 2 layers of dense irreg. CT
fused except where there is a blood sinus
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| Arachnoid mater | Reticular Ct
Spider web like extensions between dura mater and pia mater
Arachnoid vili
Project into dural sinuses allowing CSF to be reabsorbed into blood
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| Pia mater | thin layer of areolar CT
clings to brain surfae
very vascular
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| Meningitis | Bacterial or viral infection of the meninges
viral-more common
bacterial- more serious, antibiotics can treat if they are used quickly
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| Subdural space | Below dura mater above arachnoid mater
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| Subarachnoid mater | below arachnoid mater
above pia mater
filled with CSF
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| Blood brain barrier | capillaries of brain lack intercellular clefts
tight junctions
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| White matter | Myelinated axons
tracts=fiber tracts
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| Gray matter | cell bodies
dendrites
Glial cells
unmyelinated axons
cortex and brain nuclei
in spinal cord no outer cortex
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| Brain white vs gray matter | Outer white matter
Inner gray matter
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| Ventricles | Spaces within the brain
Lateral(paired)
3rd
cerebral aqueduct
4th
Central canal and subarachnoid space
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| CSF | produced by choroid plexus(capillary network)
CSF is a blood filtrate
nutreitnrich (nourishes brain)
continually produced
cushions brain
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| Ependymal cells | Epithelium of ventricles
Ciliated to move CSF
removal of wastes
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| Hydrocephaly | CSF overproduced or not removed appropriately
increased pressure in brain which can cause damage. in babies head can expand causes damage at a slower rate.
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| Telencephalon | Cerebrum
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| brain lobes | 5 major lobes
Temporal
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
insula
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| Cerebrum/telencephalon |
cortex, white matter, brain basal nuclei, 80% brain mass
2 hemispheres,
Higher brain functions
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| Lateralization | One side cortex is more involved than the other in certain functions
90% of population
L-details;math;language; logic
R-big picture, artistic/musical skills visual spatial skills
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| tracts in the brain | white matter
myelinated axons
information highway
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| Diencephalon | thalmus
Hypothalmus
Epithalamus
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| Metencephalon | Pons
Cerebellum
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| Myelencephalon | Medulla Oblongata
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| Brainstem | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
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| Telencephalon 3 fibers | Projection fibers, Commisural fibers, Association fibers
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| Projection Fibers | Link cerebral cortex to any area outside the cerebrum
Decussation- crossover of fibers from right to left
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| Commisural fibers | Connects corresponding areas of 2 hemispheres.
if severed the hemispheres cannot communicate.
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| Association Fibers | How regions withing projection fibers of a single hemisphere communicate
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| Motor areas | Dictate voluntary motor response
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| Sensory areas | Interpret sensory information
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| Association | Receive and integrate information from multiple areas
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| Frontal brain area | Primary motor cortex
Premotor cortex
Prefrontal cortex
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| Primary motor cortex | Conscious control of skeletal muscles
Motor homunculus- map of motor cortex
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| Premotor cortex Broca;s area | Coordinate repetitive learned motor skills
Damage- loss of skills
Brocas area- controls movements necessary for speech
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| Prefrontal cortex | personality
Cognition
intellect
impulse control
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| frontal lobotomy Phineas Gage | destroy a portion of lobe to "deal with" personality disorders
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| Parietal Region of brain | Separated from frontal by central sulcus.
Primary somatosensory cortex and association area
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| Primary somatosensory cortex and association area | interpret sensory information, touch temp pain pressure
Association area- use memories of past to decide appropriate response
Sensory homuncules
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| Temporal region of the brain | Auditory cortex, olfactory cortex. Bot association areas
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| Auditory and gustatory cortex +assc area | Auditory receives sounds info from inner ear
gustatory- smell receptors in nasal cavity tied to limbic system (emotional brain)
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| Wernicke's area in auditory cortex | Understand spoken word
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| Occipital region of the brain | Visual cortex -receives sensory info from retina of eye
analyze color and forms
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| Insula region of the brain | Gustatory cortex- receptors on tastes buds
Limbic area
Basal Ganglia
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| Basal Ganglia | Gray matter nuclei located within the cerebrum
unconscious motor control of skeletal muscles.works with cerebral cortex to control and regulate movements.
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| Degenerative conditions Parkinson's disease | pathway to basal ganglia has broken down.
Too little motor drive
Lack of dopamine
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| Limbic system | Cerebrum and diencephalon involved in emotions
Amygdala
Hippocampus
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| Amydala and hippocampus | Amygdala- process fear and generate a response to fear.
Hippocampus- memories of past facts and events
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| Diencephalon make up (thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus) | Mostly gray matter
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| Thalamus | gateway to cerebral cortex
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| Epithalamus | Pineal gland
Endocrine and melatonin
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| Hypothalamus | endocrine
Visceral control center
Hunger thirst
sleep/wake cycle
Limbic system
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| Midbrain/mesencephalon | superior colliculi-visual reflexes
inferior colliculi- auditory reflexes
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| Metencephalon (Pons Cerebellum) | Pons- control of respiration, relay motor info to cerebellum from cerebrum
Cerebellum- outer cortex, with an inner white matter
smooth and coordinate muscle movements
equilibrium
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| Myelencephalon | Medulla oblongata- visceral motor functions (heart rate, regulates blood pressure, swallowing)
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| Stroke | interruption of blood flow to region of brain which results in tissue death.
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| Spinal cord info travel route | PNS- ascending sensory pathway->brain
Brain->descending motor pathway->PNS
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| Enlargements of the spinal cord | Cervical
Lumbar
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| spinal nerves | 31 pairs
rami vs roots
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| spinal nerve roots | cervical 8 pair C1-C8
Thoracic 12 pair T1-T12
Lumbar 5 pair L1-L5
Sacral 5 pair S1-S5
Cocygeal 1 pair C0
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| Rami vs roots | spinal nerve splits into dorsal and ventral ramus
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| nerve plexus | network of nerves formed from ventral rami of spinal nerves
-cervical
-brachial
sacral
lumbar
sympathetic trunk chain ganglia
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| Cervical | Formed from ventral rami of c1-c5
supplies neck and posterior part of head
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| Brachial | ventral rami of the c5-t1
supplies upper limbs
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| Sacral | ventral rami of L4-s4
Posterior lower limbs
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| Lumbar | ventral rami of L1-L4
anterior lower limbs
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| stmpathetic trunk chain ganglia | Branch of ventral rami
Part of ANS
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| Polio | Caused by viru
destroys motor neurons
muscles controlled by these neuron unable to function
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| Post polio | Later in life neurons break down due to overuse compensating for neuron lost during polio outbreak. return of polio symptoms
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Created by:
andrew.klymkowky
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