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Anatomy Exam 3 2011
Cardio, ANS, PNS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 Component of Cardiovascular System | Heart, arteries, veins |
| Heart layers | Fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium pericardial cavity myocardium, endocardium |
| Structures of the heart | Chordae tendinae, 4 chambers, 4 valves (Tricuspid and bicuspid, aortic and pulmonary semilunar) |
| cardiac cycle | 1 heart beat average .8 seconds |
| systole vs diastole | systole is contracting, diastole is resting |
| coronary arteries | hearts direct blood supply (supply outside of heart) |
| Myocardial infraction | heart attack, heart tissue is starved of oxygen and has died, cannot replace itself. Causes: artherosclerosis= a build up of plaque which blocks artery |
| plaques | fatty deposits which have attached to inner lining. Causes: high cholesterol or genetics. |
| Blood vessels 3 types | Arteries (carry Blood) Veins (carry blood) lymphatic (Carry lymph fluid) |
| Layer of blood vessel walls | Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia/externa |
| tuinca intima | innermost layer, lining the lumen (simple squamous epithelium) |
| Tunica media | Smooth muscle with some elastin mixed in |
| tunica externa | outtermost layer, areolar CT, specialized blood vessels which supply tunica externa |
| Vaso vasorum | network of arteries and veins which supply the outer layer of larger vessels. |
| Artery vs vein pressure | Arteries are under higher pressure than veins, artery walls are thicker. Tunica media of arteries is thicker than that of veins |
| Artery vs vein shape | Arteries are more rounded, veins are more flattened. |
| Artery vein valves | Veins have valves, arteries do not. these valves are tunica intima flaps which keep moving blood towards the heart. |
| Artery types, progression from heart, branch to next | Elastic arteries to muscular arteries to arterioles(smallest of arteries) to capillaries |
| Capillaries | Tissue is able to take oxygen and nutrients from blood, capillaries empty into the smallest of veins (venules) |
| Elastic arteries | large arteries near near ex aorta |
| Where is the highest concentration of elastin | Tunica media |
| muscular arteries | supply organs and have less elastin, this results in more smooth muscle cells. smooth muscle helps control how much blood is going to each region of the body |
| elastic lamine of either side of tunica media | internal (between intima and media) external (between media and externa) |
| Arterioles Larger vs smaller | larger has all 3 tunica layers, smaller has only tunica media and endothelium cells. |
| capillary beds | end of the road drop off point for all the stuff blood is carrying. very thin walled structure single cells in diameter. Smooth muscle sphincters control flow through capillary bed |
| Capillaries make up | endothelium with a basement membrane |
| continuous capillary | tight junctions, connect simple squamous, some gaps for blood to flow |
| Fenstrated capillary | much leakier, pores through capillary bed itself still has tight junctions, complete basement membrane |
| Sinusoid | Leakiest, intercellular clefts, gaps between cells are huge. Some tight junctions. Basement membrane is incomplete w/ large gaps. (Spleen) |
| Flow of blood | Heart-->Elastic arteries-->muscular arteries-->arterioles-->capillaries |
| Veins smallest to largest *note all veins have very thin tunica media | venules, medium veins, larger veins(heart), valves, portal system |
| Varicose veins | Valves and veins stretched blood pools. |
| Blood function | Distribution of O2 and CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones. Helps regulate body temperature. Immune system |
| plasma | non cellular component 55% of blood, extracellular matrix. Fluid in which all cells are supported mainly water, nutrients, hormones, wastes. |
| Erthrocytes-disc shape dimple in middle high surface area | 40-45% of blood red blood cells. No nucleus and n organelles in mature form.Allows them to carry gases throughout body. Do not require O2 to survive. mainly hemoglobin(protein) |
| Hematopiesis | a new red blood cell formation red marrow in spongy bone (contains stem cells) |
| Leukocytes | white blood cells+Platelets= buffy coat very small component of blood |
| Blood types | A(antibody B),B(antibody a),O(antibody A and B),AB(no antibody necessary) |
| RH factor | Protein on red blood cells, if this protein is present +blood type, if protein in absent - blood type ex AB negative |
| Pregnancy complications of blood type | if mother is RH negative her body can create antibodies which potentially attack fetus. |
| Rho Gam | antibodies injected into the mother which prevent her from creating her own antibodes. |
| White blood cells( leukocytes) | Have organelles and nucleus, important in immune system |
| Diapedesis | white blood cells have the ability to squeeze between gaps and leave blood vessels. |
| Platelets | Fragments of megakaryocytes important in ability to form clot and stop bleeding. |
| Aneima | Reduced red blood cells typically due to lack of iron in the body. Iron is necessary to create hemoglobin |
| Sickle cell anemia | result of abnormally shaped red blood cells, major genetic component. Some cells take on a sickel shape which causes clotting and makes cells inefficient O2 carriers. |
| NERVOUS SYSTEM functions | Sensory input |
| Afferent information | sensory info traveling towards the brain |
| Interneurons integrate information | Process and interpret sensory info within central nervous system |
| Motor output | Response dictated by CNS, takes place in organs |
| 2 Divisions of nervous system | CNS-brain and spinal cord PNW- cranial nerves + all branches and spinal nerves + all branches |
| Neurons | Excitable cells, carry impulse, conduct electrical impulses, do not divide and replace, can regrow certain damaged part but cannot replace dead cell |
| Supporting ells | Non excitable but help neurons function |
| Neuron make up | Cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath |
| cell body of neuron | contains nucleus if damaged cell will die. |
| Dendrites | 0-many carries impulses towards the cell body, receptive |
| Axon | carry info away from cell body 1 per neuron up to 4ft long axon terminal release neurotransmitters(communication) |
| Myelin sheaths PNS | Schwanna cells (PNS)- supporting cell of PNS, wraps around axon assist with rapid conduction, very insulted |
| Myelin sheaths CNS | Oligodendrocytes(CNS, insulated each will wrap around multiple acons. |
| MS | myelin sheath in CNS being broken down White blood cells attack oligodendrocytes. |
| Nerve | a collection of neurons in the PNS, Axon sction |
| Tracts | collection of neurons in the CNS. axon section |
| Structural classification of neurons | # of dendrites |
| multipolar | Multiple dendrites most common motor neurons and interneurons |
| Bipolar | 2 processes 1 dendrite/ axon rare retina of the eye for sensory function |
| Unipolar | 1 axon no dendrite typical sensory neuron |
| Ganglion | cluster of cell bodies from multiple neurons |
| Somatic motor | Skeletal muscles, skin, sensory (eye) |
| somatic sensory | touh, pain, temperature |
| visceral motor | organs and structures inside the body cavity |
| visceral sensory | check |
| Nerve composition | Sensory, motor, mixed(typical nerve) |
| Mixed nerve vascularized | contains neurons of all types |
| endonuerium | Thin reticular CT surrounding an axon and its sheath |
| Perineurium | fibrous CT surrounding fasicles(group of axons) |
| Epineurium | dense irr. Ct surrounds whole nerve |
| Synapse | site where neurons communicate |
| Presnyaptic neuron | Neuron before synapse |
| Postsynaptic neuron | Neuron after synapse |
| Neurotransmitters | Axon terminal contains vesicles with neurotransmitters (chemical messenger) Relased into synaptic cleft and is picked up by receptors on postsynaptic neuron. |
| Types of Synapses | 3 types acondendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic |
| acondendritic | most common, between presynaptic axon and postsynaptic dendrite |
| Axosomatic | between presynaptic axon and postsynaptic cell body |
| Axoaxonic | between presynaptic axon and postsynaptic axon. Not common |
| CNS supporting cells | Astrocytes surround neurons an capillaries take up and release ion, sugars to nourish neurons uptake excess neurotransmitters most abundant. |
| Microglia CNS | Phagocytes which engulf and remove invading organisms and dead or damaged neural tissue Macrophages |
| Ependymal CNS | Simple cuboidal epi. Ciliated Line the central hollow portions o CNS (ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord) circulation of cerebro-spinal fluid |
| Oligodendrocytes CNS | Creat myelin sheath |
| Supporting Cells of PNS | Satellite cells, schwanna cells |
| Satellite cells PNS | insulate cell body Ganglia contain many cell bodies from many neurons. |
| Schwaan cells | Myelin sheath in PNS |
| Tic Douloureux | Blood vessels rub upon trigeminal nerve root (face) Satellite cells of sensory neurons in face have broken down causing crossover information PAIN or spasms in face |
| fMRI | functional measure of blood flow Oxygen need by cell |
| Brain basic protection | Bone, skull and vertebrae |
| (Brain)Meninges | Protection membranes which envelopes CNS |
| Dura Mater | 2 layers of dense irreg. CT fused except where there is a blood sinus |
| Arachnoid mater | Reticular Ct Spider web like extensions between dura mater and pia mater Arachnoid vili Project into dural sinuses allowing CSF to be reabsorbed into blood |
| Pia mater | thin layer of areolar CT clings to brain surfae very vascular |
| Meningitis | Bacterial or viral infection of the meninges viral-more common bacterial- more serious, antibiotics can treat if they are used quickly |
| Subdural space | Below dura mater above arachnoid mater |
| Subarachnoid mater | below arachnoid mater above pia mater filled with CSF |
| Blood brain barrier | capillaries of brain lack intercellular clefts tight junctions |
| White matter | Myelinated axons tracts=fiber tracts |
| Gray matter | cell bodies dendrites Glial cells unmyelinated axons cortex and brain nuclei in spinal cord no outer cortex |
| Brain white vs gray matter | Outer white matter Inner gray matter |
| Ventricles | Spaces within the brain Lateral(paired) 3rd cerebral aqueduct 4th Central canal and subarachnoid space |
| CSF | produced by choroid plexus(capillary network) CSF is a blood filtrate nutreitnrich (nourishes brain) continually produced cushions brain |
| Ependymal cells | Epithelium of ventricles Ciliated to move CSF removal of wastes |
| Hydrocephaly | CSF overproduced or not removed appropriately increased pressure in brain which can cause damage. in babies head can expand causes damage at a slower rate. |
| Telencephalon | Cerebrum |
| brain lobes | 5 major lobes Temporal Frontal Parietal Occipital insula |
| Cerebrum/telencephalon | cortex, white matter, brain basal nuclei, 80% brain mass 2 hemispheres, Higher brain functions |
| Lateralization | One side cortex is more involved than the other in certain functions 90% of population L-details;math;language; logic R-big picture, artistic/musical skills visual spatial skills |
| tracts in the brain | white matter myelinated axons information highway |
| Diencephalon | thalmus Hypothalmus Epithalamus |
| Metencephalon | Pons Cerebellum |
| Myelencephalon | Medulla Oblongata |
| Brainstem | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
| Telencephalon 3 fibers | Projection fibers, Commisural fibers, Association fibers |
| Projection Fibers | Link cerebral cortex to any area outside the cerebrum Decussation- crossover of fibers from right to left |
| Commisural fibers | Connects corresponding areas of 2 hemispheres. if severed the hemispheres cannot communicate. |
| Association Fibers | How regions withing projection fibers of a single hemisphere communicate |
| Motor areas | Dictate voluntary motor response |
| Sensory areas | Interpret sensory information |
| Association | Receive and integrate information from multiple areas |
| Frontal brain area | Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Prefrontal cortex |
| Primary motor cortex | Conscious control of skeletal muscles Motor homunculus- map of motor cortex |
| Premotor cortex Broca;s area | Coordinate repetitive learned motor skills Damage- loss of skills Brocas area- controls movements necessary for speech |
| Prefrontal cortex | personality Cognition intellect impulse control |
| frontal lobotomy Phineas Gage | destroy a portion of lobe to "deal with" personality disorders |
| Parietal Region of brain | Separated from frontal by central sulcus. Primary somatosensory cortex and association area |
| Primary somatosensory cortex and association area | interpret sensory information, touch temp pain pressure Association area- use memories of past to decide appropriate response Sensory homuncules |
| Temporal region of the brain | Auditory cortex, olfactory cortex. Bot association areas |
| Auditory and gustatory cortex +assc area | Auditory receives sounds info from inner ear gustatory- smell receptors in nasal cavity tied to limbic system (emotional brain) |
| Wernicke's area in auditory cortex | Understand spoken word |
| Occipital region of the brain | Visual cortex -receives sensory info from retina of eye analyze color and forms |
| Insula region of the brain | Gustatory cortex- receptors on tastes buds Limbic area Basal Ganglia |
| Basal Ganglia | Gray matter nuclei located within the cerebrum unconscious motor control of skeletal muscles.works with cerebral cortex to control and regulate movements. |
| Degenerative conditions Parkinson's disease | pathway to basal ganglia has broken down. Too little motor drive Lack of dopamine |
| Limbic system | Cerebrum and diencephalon involved in emotions Amygdala Hippocampus |
| Amydala and hippocampus | Amygdala- process fear and generate a response to fear. Hippocampus- memories of past facts and events |
| Diencephalon make up (thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus) | Mostly gray matter |
| Thalamus | gateway to cerebral cortex |
| Epithalamus | Pineal gland Endocrine and melatonin |
| Hypothalamus | endocrine Visceral control center Hunger thirst sleep/wake cycle Limbic system |
| Midbrain/mesencephalon | superior colliculi-visual reflexes inferior colliculi- auditory reflexes |
| Metencephalon (Pons Cerebellum) | Pons- control of respiration, relay motor info to cerebellum from cerebrum Cerebellum- outer cortex, with an inner white matter smooth and coordinate muscle movements equilibrium |
| Myelencephalon | Medulla oblongata- visceral motor functions (heart rate, regulates blood pressure, swallowing) |
| Stroke | interruption of blood flow to region of brain which results in tissue death. |
| Spinal cord info travel route | PNS- ascending sensory pathway->brain Brain->descending motor pathway->PNS |
| Enlargements of the spinal cord | Cervical Lumbar |
| spinal nerves | 31 pairs rami vs roots |
| spinal nerve roots | cervical 8 pair C1-C8 Thoracic 12 pair T1-T12 Lumbar 5 pair L1-L5 Sacral 5 pair S1-S5 Cocygeal 1 pair C0 |
| Rami vs roots | spinal nerve splits into dorsal and ventral ramus |
| nerve plexus | network of nerves formed from ventral rami of spinal nerves -cervical -brachial sacral lumbar sympathetic trunk chain ganglia |
| Cervical | Formed from ventral rami of c1-c5 supplies neck and posterior part of head |
| Brachial | ventral rami of the c5-t1 supplies upper limbs |
| Sacral | ventral rami of L4-s4 Posterior lower limbs |
| Lumbar | ventral rami of L1-L4 anterior lower limbs |
| stmpathetic trunk chain ganglia | Branch of ventral rami Part of ANS |
| Polio | Caused by viru destroys motor neurons muscles controlled by these neuron unable to function |
| Post polio | Later in life neurons break down due to overuse compensating for neuron lost during polio outbreak. return of polio symptoms |
Created by:
andrew.klymkowky
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