Biochemistry 2 Palmer Exam 1
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| what does excess product do | inhibits the pathway
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| what does excess reactant do | stimulates the pathway
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| if there is scarce product | this stimulates the pathway
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| if there is scarce reactants | this inhibits the pathway
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| are enzymes inhibited or stimulated | both
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| how are pathways regulated | 1)energy charge
2)respiratory quotient
3)products and reactants
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| what 3 systems create ATP | 1)ATP-PC system
2)glycolysis
3)aerobic system
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| what are details about the ATP-PC system | 1)coupled reaction
2)fast replacement of ATP
3)short duration (5-10 secs)
4)predominate in short explosive activity
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| ADP + creatine phosphate = | ATP + creatine
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| what is the key enzyme of the ATP-PC system | creatine kinase
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| what products inhibit the ATP-PC system | ATP
creatine
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| what reactants stimulate the ATP-PC system | 1)ADP
2)AMP
3)creatine phosphate
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| what type of muscle fiber would contain higher concentrations of creatine kinase | fast twitch
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| where is the ATP-PC system located | cytosol-mitochondria
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| what is the product of the ATP-PC system | ATP
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| what are the reactants of the ATP-PC system | 1)ADP
2)AMP
3)creatine phosphate
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| what is the key enzyme for the ATP-PC system | creatine kinase
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| what does glycolysis mean | carbohydrate breakdown
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| is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic | anaerobic
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| what are the 2 types of glycolysis | 1)fast glycolysis
2)slow glycolysis
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| what is the main product of glycolysis | ATP
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| what are additional products of glycolysis | 1)pyruvate
2)lactic acid
3)alanine
4)NADH
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| what is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis | phosphofructokinase (PFK)
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| what is glycolysis stimulated by | 1)increase in ADP
2)increase in AMP
3)increase in inorganic phosphate
4)increase in ammonia
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| what is glycolysis inhibited by | 1)increase in ATP
2)increase in creatine phosphate
3)decrease in pH
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| what type of muscle fiber would contain higher concentrations of PFK | fast twitch
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| where is glycolysis located | cytosol
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| what are the products of glycolysis | 1)ATP
2)NADH
3)pyruvate
4)lactic acid
5)alanine
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| what are the reactants of glycolysis | 1)glucose
2)ADP
3)AMP
4)Pi
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| what is the key enzyme for glycolysis | PFK (phosphofructokinase)
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| what are the 2 components involved with the aerobic system | 1)krebs cycle
2)electron transport system
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| what is oxidized in the aerobic system | 1)fats
2)carbohydrates
3)proteins
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| what is oxidation | addition of oxygen, removal of hydrogen
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| what is reduction | deletion of oxygen, addition of hydrogen
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| what is chemiosmotic theory | when protons flow through a special protein, ATP is created
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| what system has the greatest production of ATP | aerobic system
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| what is the location of the aerobic system | mitochondria
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| what are the products of the aerobic system | 1)ATP
2)NADH
3)FADH2
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| what are the reactants of the aerobic system | 1)fat, carbohydrates, proteins
2)ADP
3)AMP
4)Pi
5)acetyle
6)citrate
7)NAD
8)FAD
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| what is the key enzyme of the aerobic system | dehydrogenases
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| what is the intensity and time for the ATP-PC system | very high, 0-5 secs
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| what is the intensity and time for glycolysis | high, 30 secs to 2 min.
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| what is the intensity and time for the aerobic system | low, more than 3 min.
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| what is the order from fastest to slowest for pathways | 1)ATP-PC
2)fast glycolysis
3)slow glycolysis
4)aerobic metabolism carbohydrate
5)aerobic metabolism fat
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| what is the order from most to least for how much ATP is made | 1)aerobic metabolism fat
2)aerobic metabolism carbohydrate
3)slow glycolysis
4)fast glycolysis
5)ATP-PC
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| based on the ratio of carbon dioxide expired to oxygen utilized you can determine what | what fuel type is being oxidized (carbohydrate or fat)
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| if you measure a RQ that equals 1.0 it means what reaction is occurring | carbohydrate burning
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| if you measure a RQ that equals 0.71 it means what reaction is occurring | fat burning
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| during exercise, more carbohydrate and fat are burned aerobically. the percentage of fat being burned is decreasing. does this mean that less fat is being burned | no, greater fat and carbohydrate burning just a lower percentage of fat
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| fat is burned where | mitochondria
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| where is the peak fat burning | at 50-60% of maximal aerobic capacity
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| increasing RQ means what | more carbohydrate and fat are being burned
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| what are macronutrients | 1)carbohydrates
2)fats
3)proteins
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| what does exothermic mean | energy releasing (delta G is negative)
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| what does endothermic mean | energy requiring (delta G is positive)
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| delta G must be _______ for the reaction to occur | negative
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| what pathways are energy releasing | 1)glycolysis
2)krebs cycle
3)beta oxidation
4)glycogen degradation
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| what pathways are energy requiring | 1)gluconeogenesis
2)fatty acid synthesis
3)glycogen synthesis
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| what is energy utilized for | 1)creating ion gradients
2)producing mechanical motion
3)synthesis of molecules
4)production of heat
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| what are the 2 molecules that give off more energy than ATP | 1)phosphoenolpyruvate
2)creatine phosphate
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| what does a high energy charge tell the cell to do | 1)build fat
2)build glycogen
3)build glucose
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| what does a low energy charge tell the cell to create ATP | 1)run phosphocreatine system
2)run glycolysis
3)run the aerobic system
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| what is the universal carrier of acyl groups | coenzyme A
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| what are common reactions | 1)phosphorylation
2)isomerization(mutation)
3)redox reaction (oxidaton/reduction reactions)
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| what does phosphorylation do | transfer a phosphate group from one molecule to another
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| what is the enzyme type for phosphorylation | kinase i.e. creatine kinase, hexokinase
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| what does isomerization do | compounds of the same molecular formula but with different arrangement of the atoms
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| what does a mutation reaction do | shifting of a group from one location to another within the same molecule
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| what is the enzyme name for a oxidation/reduction reaction | oxidoreductase
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| what is the class name for oxidation/reduction reactions | dehydrogenase
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| what is the purpose of glycolysis | breaks down glucose
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| what are the products of glycolysis | 1)ATP
2)NADH
3)pyruvate
4)lactate and alanine
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| in general what does the 1st half of glycolysis "do" | 1)bring glucose into the cell
2)change it into an "energy rich sugar"
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| in general what does the 2nd half of glycolysis "do" | 1)get ATP
2)create an end product that can be further oxidized
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| what is the location of glycolysis | cytosol
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| in the first step of glycolysis what happens | glucose ----> glucose 6-phosphate
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| what is the key enzyme in the first step of glycolysis | hexokinase
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| what type of reaction occurs in the first step of glycolysis | phosphorylation
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| what type of reaction occurs in the second step of glycolysis | isomerization
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| what happens in the 2nd step of glycolysis | aldehyde---->ketone
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| what is the key enzyme in the 2nd step of glycolysis | phosphoglucose isomerase
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| what type of reaction is the 3rd step of glycolysis | phosphorylation
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| what happens in the 3rd step of glycolysis | fructose 6-phosphate---->fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
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| what is the key enzyme of the 3rd step of glycolysis | phosphofructokinase (PFK)
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| what happens in the 4th step of glycolysis | fructose 1,6-bisphosphate ---> dihydroxyacetone phosphate
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| what is the key enzyme in the 4th step of glycolysis | aldolase
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| what type of reaction is the 5th step of glycolysis | isomerization
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| what happens in the 5th step of glycolysis | dihydroxyacetone phosphate ----> glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
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| what is the key enzyme in the 5th step of glycolysis | triose phosphate isomerase
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| what kind of reaction is in the 6th step of glycolysis | oxidative phosphorylation
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| what happens in the 6th step of glycolysis | glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate ----> 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
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| what is the key enzyme in the 6th step of glycolysis | G3P dehydrogenase
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| what happens in the 7th step of glycolysis | 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate -----> 3-phosphoglycerate
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| what is the key enzyme in the 7th step of glycolysis | phosphoglycerate kinase
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| what type of reaction is in the 8th step of glycolysis | mutation
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| what happens in the 8th step of glycolysis | 3-phosphoglycerate ----> 2-phosphoglycerate
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| what is the key enzyme in the 8th step of glycolysis | phosphoglycerate mutase
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| what type of reaction is the 9th step of glycolysis | dehydration
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| what happens in the 9th step of glycolysis | 2-phosphoglycerate ----> phosphoenolpyruvate
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| what is the key enzyme in the 9th step of glycolysis | enolase
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| what happens in the 10th step of glycolysis | phosphoenolpyruvate -----> pyruvate
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| what is the key enzyme in the 10th step of glycolysis | pyruvate kinase
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| what are the entry points in the fructose 1-phosphate pathway | 1)dihydroxyacetone phosphate
2)glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
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| what is the entry point in the galactose pathway | glucose 6-phosphate
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| what are the 3 key enzymes | 1)phosphofructokinase
2)hexokinase
3)pyruvate kinase
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| when ATP binds to the enzyme what happens to PFK | it decreases its activity
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| with a decreased pH what happens | inhibits PFK
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| what does citrate do to PFK | inhibits PFK
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| inhibition of PFK does what to hexokinase | inhibits hexokinase
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| what contains glucokinase | liver and beta cells of pancreas
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| what are the outcomes of glucose 6 phosphate | 1)burned in glycolysis
2)utilized to form glycogen
3)oxidized in the PPP to make NADPH
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| glucokinase in the liver has a ______ Km, is it inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate, what is it stimulated by | high Km, not inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate, stimulated by insulin
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| hexokinase in muscle has a _____ Km, what is it inhibited by | low Km, inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate
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| what is pyruavate kinase stimulated by | fructose 1,6 BP
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| what does alanine inhibit | pyruvate kinase
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| what reactants drive pyruvate kinase control | fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
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| what products slow down pyruvate kinase control | ATP or alanine
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| if there is no glucose is there glycolysis | no glycolysis
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| if there is glucagon present is there glycolysis | no glycolysis
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| pyruvate + NADH ----> | lactate + NAD+
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| with lots of exercise there is lots of pyruvate which | makes lots of lactate which lowers pH which inhibits PFK
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| little bit of lactate does what | stimulates glycolysis because of NAD+
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| what is the enzyme in lactic acid production | lactate dehydrogenase
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| what does lactic acid do | inhibits PFK
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| what is NAD+ | a reactant for glycolysis
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| are there 3 carbon molecules in the krebb's cycle | no
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| citric acid cycle is known as | krebs cycle
TCA
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| what is the purpose of the citric acid cycle | 1)make ATP
2)make reduced compounds
3)precursor molecules
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| the citric acid cycle has oxidation of energy for what substrates | fat, carbs, protein
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| what is the enzyme for the preparation step in between glycolysis and krebs cylce | pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
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| where is the preparation step for krebs cycle | inside the matrix of the mitochondria
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| acetyl CoA ---> citrate what is the enzyme | citrate synthase
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| citrate ---> isocitrate what is the enzyme | aconitase
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| isocitrate ---> alpha-ketoglutarate what is the enzyme | isocitrate dehydrogenase
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| what are the reactants in isocitrate ---> alpha-ketoglutarate | NAD+
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| what are the products in isocitrate ---> alpha-ketoglutarate | CO2 & NADH
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| alpha-ketoglutarate ---> succinyl CoA what is the enzyme | alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
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| what are the reactants in alpha-ketoglutarate ---> succinyl CoA | NAD+
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| what are the products in alpha-ketoglutarate ---> succinyl CoA | CO2 & NADH
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| succinyl CoA ---> succinate what is the enzyme | succinyl CoA synthetase
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| succinate ---> fumarate what is the enzyme | succinate dehydrogenase
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| what are the reactants in succinate ---> fumarate | FAD
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| what are the products in succinate ---> fumarate | FADH2
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| fumarate ---> malate what is the enzyme | fumarase
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| what also happens in the fumarate ---> malate reaction | hydorlysis
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| malate ---> oxaloacetate what is the enzyme | malate dehydrogenase
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| what are the reactants in malate ---> oxaloacetate | NAD+
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| what are the products in malate ---> oxaloacetate | NADH
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