wccvet tech bones term 2
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| osteology | study of bone (osseous) tissues and their development
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| skeletal sys function | protection, support and rigidity assits with movement; storage area for minerals, site for blood formation
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| composition | 1/3 organic, osteoblasts, osteocytes
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| osteoblasts | resposible for formation of osteoid tissue; secretea phosphatase; cells divide readily; held in reserve in periosteum and endosteum
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| osteocytes | mature osteoblasts; non-dividing cells; maintain bone and lvng tiss; live in lacunae
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| osteoclasts | respon for breakdown and reabsorb bone; help model and shape healing bones; provide Ca; composed of collagen fibers and gelatinous grd substanc
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| inorganic | 1/2 - 1/3 of bone by weight; minerals give hardness and rigidity; consist mainly of phosphorous and calcium in eq port
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| ossification | formation of true bone by deposition of Ca in a matrix of osteoid tiss
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| Center of ossification | locatlized center of bone formation
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| articular cartilage | thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis where 2 bony surfaces meet
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| epiphysis | ends of long bones
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| epiphyseal plate | growth plate for endochondral ossificaiton
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| open growth plate | growth is still occuring
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| closed growth plate | growth has stopped
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| metaphysis | widenened area bet the diaphysis and the epiphysis
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| diaphysis | shaft of the long bone
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| periosteum | skin of the bone; thin translucent white connect tiss membrane covers the outside of the cortex
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| periosteum function | osteoblasts for healing; blood vesselss; point of attachement for ligaments and tendons; rich nerve supply
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| medullary cavity | space w/in the bone which contains marrow
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| cortex | outer layer of bone; compact bone=dense bone
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| endosteum | thin connect tiss membrane lines the inside of the medullary cavity; contain osteoblasts
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| bone marrow | contained w/in the medullary cavity
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| red marrow | hematopoietic tiss respons for prod of RBC's and WBC's and platelets; adults only found at end of some long bones and flat bones
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| yellow marrow | fatty tiss found in older animal after red marrow ceases to function
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| compact bone | dense bone, forms outer layer of all bones, develops in response to stress on bone, thickens with age
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| compact bone process | haversian sys
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| cancellous bone | spongy bone; interior of bones, more porous, spicules arranged to form a network
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| long bones | bones of limbs (appendicular) longer then wide; function as levers, grows at epiphyseal plat
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| short bones | carpus/tarsus; cube shaped; spongy with thin layer of compact; absorb concussion
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| flat bones | thin flat; 2 plats of compact with a thin layer of spongy bone b/w them; protect vital organs; muscle attachment
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| irregular bones | vertebrae, ear bones
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| sesamoids | patella, fabella resembe sesame seeds; found w/in some tendons
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| pneumatic bones | sinuses, avian; contain air spaces; avian/ appendicular bones
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| articular surface | joint surface where end of 2 bones contact; covered with articular cartilage
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| articular forms | head; rounded articular suf on the proximal end of the long bone; neck; narrower area distal to the head; condyle; cylindrical or spool shaped articular surface; facet; flat articular surface; depression areas that articulate w projections on other bones
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| non-articular surface | not part of a joint, muscle attachement or passageways for vessels
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| foramen | hole in the bone; soft tissue passes through
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| fossa | depressed area occupied by muscles and/or tendons
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| processes | projection from the surf of a bone, often rough for muscle/endon attahcment
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| articular | depressions, acetabulum, glenoid cavity; projections, femoral head, dens
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| non-articular | depression, foramen; projections, processes, tuberosit, spine, neck, trochanter
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| axial | bones that are either on the midline or attached at midline
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| appendicular | bones of the limbs
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| axial skeleton | cranium
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| foramen magnum | hole w/in the occipital bone thru with spine cord passes
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| temperomandibular joint | articulation b/t cranium and mandible
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| facial bones | maxillary and incisive bones (upper jaw); mandible lower jaw
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| spinal column | struture of vertebra; 7 cervical; 12-15 thoracic; 5-7 lumbar; sacral 3-5 (fused to sacrum); coccygeal (tail)
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| c1 | atlas; support skull
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| c2 | axis; peglike process on it crainial aspect the articulates with the atlas
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| c3-c7 | cylindrical, short spinous and tranvers processeses
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| ribs | form rib cage to protect thoracic organs; ventral porition is made of cartilage
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| costochondral junction | bone-cartilage junction at ribs
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| sternum | breastbone, keel; ventral midline of thorax
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| manubrium | most anterior sternal bone
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| xiphoid | most caudal sternal bone
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| appendicular skeleton | thoracic limb connntect to the torso via muslce and tendons; no bony joint
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| scapula | shoulder blade; glenoid cavity, aritculates w/head of the humerus; acromion, distal tip of the scapular spine
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| humerus | bone of the upper arm; head, tubercles, condyle, olecranon fossa, epicondyles
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| tubercles | non-articular processes on the proximal end of the humerus
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| condyle | articulates w/the radius and ulna
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| olecranon fossa | depression that provides space for the olecranon process
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| radius | thick bone of the forearm
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| ulna | finer bone of the forearm
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| olecranon process | projection that forms point of the elbow
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| trochlear notch | articulates with the humeral condyle
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| anconeal process | fits into the olecranon fossa
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| carpals | bones of the carpus; 2 rows of short bones
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| metacarpals | 1 per digit; # medial to lateral
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| phalanges | bones of the digits 2-2 per digit
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| sesamoids | several contained in digits
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| navicular bone | equine - distal sesamoid bone
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| pelvic limb | appendicular; attached via sacroiliac joint
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| pelvis | ilium; most anterior; ischium, caudal; pubis; ventral; acetabulum, articulates with head of femur obturator foramina
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| obturator formaina | 2 large openings in the pelvis; reduces weight
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| femur | thigh bone
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| femur - head | articulates with the acetabulum
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| femur - neck | neck
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| femur - grt and lesser trochanters | sites for muscle attachment
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| femut - medial and lateral conyles | articulate with the tibia
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| femur - trochlear fossa | patellar surface - articulates with patella
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| patella | kneecap; largest sesamoid
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| fabellae | pair of small sesamoids behind femoral condyles
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| tibia | stronger bone of the lower leg
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| tibial condyles | artculate with the femoral condyles
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| tibial crest | anterior surface of shaft
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| tibial tuberosity | projection at proxmial end
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| medial malleoulus | projection at distal end
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| fibula | fragile bone of lower leg, site of muscle attachment
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| lateral malleoulus | fibula - projection at distal end
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| tarsals | bones of the tarsus; 2 short rows
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| tallus | tibial tarsal bone; largest tarsal bone articulates with tibia
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| calcaneus | fibular tarsal bone - second largest tarsal bone
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| calcaneal tuberosity | calcaneus (hock or heel)
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| metatarsals | (blank)
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| phalanges | (blank)
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| synarthroses | immovable joint - united by fibrous tissue or cartilage, teeth in sockets, skull
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| amphiarthroses | slightly movable joints; cartilaginous, pelvis, vertebrae, sternum
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| diarthroses | freeely movable joints, "true joints" , contain synovial fluid
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| synovial joint - joint cavity | cavity enclosed by the synovail membranes and the articular cartilage (otherwise bone on bone)
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| synovial joint - joint capsule | cover of a joint, composed of fibrous conn tissue which is lined by the synovial membrane
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| synovial joint - fluid | liq contained w/in the joint capsule which lubricates and provides nutrition
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| articular cartilage | synovial j; translucent hyaline cartilage covers joints surfaces where opposing joint come together
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| ligaments | strong bands, usually made of white fibrous tisse which bind bones
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| meniscus | fibrocartilaginous plate which divides the joint cavity into 2 compartments (not all joints have meniscus)
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| flexion | decrese in joing angle
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| extension | increase in joint angle
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| rotation | turning around an axis
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| adduction | move towards the midline
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| abduction | move away from the midline
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| circumduction | movement that causes distal end to move in a circle
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| hyperextension | increase in the angle of joint beyond 180 degrees
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| luxation | dislocation seperation of joint marked by stretching/tearing of a ligament
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| torn ligaments | cruciate - drawer sign
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| hinge | type of synovial joint - movement at right angles (elbow, fetlock)
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| plane | type of synovial joint- slight gliding movement between relatively flat surfaces (carpals, tarsals)
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| pivot | type of synovial joint- pivot rotary movem occures around an axis (C1 and C2)
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| ball and socket | type of synovial joint - movement in every direction; hip, shoulder
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| shoulder | scapulohumeral joint
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| elbow | humeroradioulnar joint
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| knee | carpus (equine) femorotibial joint (small animal)
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| fetlock | metacarpophalageal and metatarsophalangeal joints (equine)
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| pastern | proximal interphalageal joint ( equine)
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| hip | coxofemoral joint
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| stifle | femorotibial joint quadrupeds
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| hock | tarsus
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| fracture | any break in bone
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| fracture skin status | simple (closed); compound (open)
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| fracture type | greenstick (young animals); complete, bone split in 2; comminuted bone is broken into frags
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| healing | vessles ruputre; clot forms;connt tiss form granulation; osteogenic progenitor cells divide, osteoblasts secrete phosphtes, callus if formed; osteoid tiss fill in gaps; callus become mineralized
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| Non-union fractures etiology | lack of bone apposition, movement of fracture ends, osteomyelitis
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| non-union fracture signs | failure to heal, lack of callus formation after 7 wks
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| fracture fixation-internal | IM pins, bone plates, cerclage wire
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| fracture fixation - external | kirschner ehmer apparatus (Ke) casts, splints, slings, bandages
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| Mason-Meta Splint | AKA spoon splint, support distal limbs
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| schroeder-thomas splint | used on hind limbs for distraction of Fx segments
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| spica splint | upper limb fixation - hip shouder; support of other fixations
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| Plaster of paris cast | 5-10 min to set, gets hot, very heavy and susceptible to moisture
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| fiberglass | hexcelite, vet-cast; lightweight, rigid, waterproof, more expensive
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| robert jones and mod robert jones | heavily padded, protect and restrict movement
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| slings | velpeau - shouler; ehmer - hip
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| osteoarthritis (DJD) | DJD degenerative joint disease; prvious injury or stress, obesity and aging poor conformation
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| DJD signs | acute or chronic lameness; usually worse after initial rise; progressive
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| DJD Dx | clinical signs; palpation - crepitus on movement; radiographs; synovial fluid tap (color; cloudy yellow)
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| DJD Tx | life-style adj; chndroprotective agents (gloucosamine); nsaids; corticosterioids
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| Inflammatory arthritis | etiology; immune mediate-SLE, rheumatoid, bacterial, lyme disease
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| inflammatory arthritis signs | lameness -leg shifting; fever, stiffness, pain and swelling
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| Inflammatory arthritis Dx | signs, joint fluid aspirate & cytology (WC Ct); blood work, radiographs
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| inflammatory arthritis Tx | depends on cause, antibiotics (tetracycline), corticosterioids (supress immmuine)
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| Osteomyelitis | etiology-traumatic injury to bone, sepsis- bacterial infection; other-bites, foreign body, gunshot
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| osteomyelitis signs | pain, fever, > WBC, swelling and discharge
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| osteomyelities Dx | radiographs, bloodwork
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| osteomyelitis Tx | antibiotics; medications for pain nsaids; surgery to remove dead tissue
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| OCD | Osteochondrosis dissecans etiology unknown
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| OCD signs | med to large breeds, 5-10 months, lameness, shoulder elbow stifle and hock
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| OCD Dx | radiographs
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| OCD Tx | conservative nsaids, rest; surger (laparoscopic), osteoarthrities usually developos
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| Spondylosis deformans | etiology u/known; common in long backed dogs
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| spondylosis deformans signs | bridging of back; spondylosis; back is hunched, tail may raise, distance b/t verterbrae shortens
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| spondylosis | bony bridges of calcium deposits restrict movement and cause pain
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| Spondylosis deformans Dx | radiographs, often is considered in incident finding
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| spondylosis deformans Tx | none, occasionaly pain medications
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| panosteitis | enostosis etiology unknown, affects young dogs 5-12 months, german shepards
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| panosteitis signs | palpation of periosteum in painful, anorexia, lethargy, fever, weight loss; shifting leg lameness
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| panosteitis Dx | clinical signs, radiographs
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| panosteitis Tx | none, nsaids if severe
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| Hip dysplasia | etiology gentic/congenital, seen in large breeds
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| Hip dysplasia signs | lameness in one or both rear limbs, pain/crepitus on palpation of hip joint
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| hip dysplasia Dx | radiographs, anesthesia required, shallow acetabulum, flattend head and shortened neck of femur, OFA VD positioning required for cert
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| hip dysplasia Tx | pain relief, keep weight down, pectineal myotomy, femoral head ostoctory (FHO); total hip replacement; TPO triple pelvic osteotomy
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| Intervertebral Disc disease | etiology long back breeds, repeated mild-moderate traumas
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| intervertebral disc disease signs | acute pain weakness, or paralysis
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| intervertebral disc disease Dx | physical and neurological exam; radiographs, +/- myelogram
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| Intervertebral disc disease Tx | conservative-rest, corticosteroids, muscle relaxants; surgery-laminectomy
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| metabolic bone disease | etiology iadequate nutrition, Ca, phosphorus, Vit D; common in reptiles
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| metabolic bone disease signs | soft rubber bones deformaties, pathological fractures, pain
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| metabolic bone disease Dx | radiographs, history
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| metabolic bone disease Tx | correcting diet, supp w/Ca and Vit D; repair injuries, supportive care
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| Neoplasia | malignant - osteosarcoma; most common in young, Tx is usually amputation with Chemo
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| Neoplasia benign | benign bone tumors, ostoma, ossifying fibroma, chondroma,
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| neoplasia cysts | bone cysts, can be confuse with bone cancer
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| ccl or acl | cranial cruciate ligament injury
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| CCL/ACL signs | lameness, joint swelling, cranial drawer sign is pahognomonic (movement is excessive)
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| CCL/ACL Tx | surgery rest
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| CCL/ACL etiology | etiology; tear of parial tear in the cranial cruciate ligament of the knee, trauma, common in larger , active dogs
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| CCL/ACL Dx | clinical signs; pe; radiographs
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| Un-united anconeal process | portion of the ulna at the elbow joing fails to ossify, resulting in lameness and decrease in mobility; Tx is surgical
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