Anatomy Midterm
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| Anatomy | Study of the structure of the Body
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| Physiology | study of the function of the body
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| Gross anatomy | study of the body with the naked eye
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| microscopic anatomy | requires the use of a microscope
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| cytology | study of cells
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| histology | study of tissues
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| systematic | all organs with related functions studied together
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| regional | all structures in a single region are studied regardless of function
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| pathological | deal with the structure changes in cells, tissues, and organs, caused by disease
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| topographical | study of shapes and marking called landmarks on the surface of the body
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| superior | toward the head or upper part of the structure
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| inferior | away from the head end or towards the lower part of the structure
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| anterior | toward or at the front of the body
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| posterior | toward or at the back end of the body
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| medial | toward or at the midline of the body, on the inner side
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| lateral | away from the midline, outer sides of the body
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| intermediate | between a more medial and lateral structure
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| proximal | closer to the origin of the body part
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| distal | further from the origin of the body part
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| superficial | surface of the body
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| deep | internal, away from the surface
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| frontal | divides the body into anterior and posterior sides
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| transverse | horizontally divides the body into superior and inferior parts
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| sagittal | divides the body into right and left parts vertically
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| midsagittal | vertically right down the middle (median)
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| axial region | head, neck, and trunk
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| trunk | thorax, abdomen, pelvic
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| ventral body cavity | thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
peritoneal cavity
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| thoracic cavity | pleural cavity (lungs)
mediastinum (heart)
pericardial (surrounds the heart)
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| abdominopelvic cavity | abdominal (digestive organs)
pelvic (bladder reproductive organs)
peritoneal cavity (
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| dorsal | body cavity where spinal column and skull are located
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| cranial | brain
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| vertebral | spinal chord
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| pericardial cavity | cavity that surrounds the heart
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| pleural cavity | cavity that surrounds the lung
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| peritoneal cavity | surrounds organs in the abdominalpelvic region
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| parietal serosa | outer wall of the cavity (parietal pluerae) (parietal pericardium) (parietal peritoneum)
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| visceral serosa | serous membrane located directly on the visceral organ
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| serous fluid | protective fluid used for lubrication between visceral and parietal serosa
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| 9 abdominal regions | (right left hypochondriac)
epigastric (right and left lumbar) umbilical (right and left illiac) hypogastric
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| 4 abdominal quadrants | upper left and right
lower left and right
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| what divides the two ventral cavities | diaphragm
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| two parts of the thoracic cavity | mediastinum (contains pericardium) and pleura
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| outer wall of a serous cavity | parietal serosa
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| inner wall of a serous cavity | visceral serosa
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| biological catalysts | enzymes
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| mechanism by which particles enter a cell | endocytosis
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| primary nonspecific defense mechanism of the host, an example of endocytosis | phagocytosis
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| mechanism that moves substances out of the cell | exocytosis
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| site of protein synthesis | ribosomes
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| network within the cytoplasm | endoplasmic reticulum
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| cell membrane factory | rough ER
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| stores ionic calcium in the cell | rough ER
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| site of lipid metabolism in the cell | smooth ER
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| post office of the cell | golgi apparatus
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| powerhouse of the cell | mitochondria
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| membrane-walled sacs that contain digestive enzymes | lysosomes
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| cell skeleton | cytoskeleton
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| control center of the cell | nucleus
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| tissue responsible for covering and lining | epithelial tissue
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| tissue responsible for support | connective tissue
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| tissue responsible for movement | muscle tissue
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| tissue responsible for control/communication | nervous tissue
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| one layer of cells in epithelial tissue | simple
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| more than one layer of cells in epithelial tissue | stratified
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| cells wider than tall, plate-like | squamous
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| cells as wide as they are tall | cuboidal
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| cells that are taller than they are wide | columnar
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| ducts that carry products to an epithelial surface or into a body cavity | exocrine gland
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| ductless glands that secrete substances directly into the blood stream | endocrine gland
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| organ that functions for both exocrine and endocrine | pancreas
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| most diverse and abundant tissue | connective tissue
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| 4 types of connective tissue | connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood
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| three types of membranes that combine epithelial and connective tissue | 1) cutaneous membrane, 2) mucous membrane, 3) serous membrane
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| striated and voluntary muscle tissue | skeletal muscle
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| striated and involuntary muscle tissue | cardiac muscle
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| non-striated and involuntary muscle tissue | smooth muscle
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| two layers of skin | epidermis, dermis
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| layer of skin classified as stratified squamous epithelial tissue | epidermis
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| layer of skin classified as connective tissue | dermis
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| lies deep to the skin and is not considered part of the skin | hypodermis
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| most abundant cell type in the epidermis, produces keratin | keratinocytes
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| epidermal cell type which produces a dark skin pigment | melanocytes
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| epidermal cell type associated with a sensory nerve ending, receptor for touch | merkel cells
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| epidermal cell type that uses endocytosis to take up antigens, immune system | langerhans cells
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| superficial layer of the dermis | papillary layer
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| papillary layer of dermis composed of ______ connective tissue | areolar
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| deep layer of the dermis | reticular layer
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| reticular layer of dermis composed of _______ connective tissue | dense irregular
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| is dermis vascularized? | yes
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| two names for hypodermis | superficial fascia, subcutaneous layer
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| two tissue types in hypodermis | areolar and adipose connective tissue
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| flexible strand of dead hard keratin | hair
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| two parts of a hair | root, shaft
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| sebaceous glands occur everywhere on the body except | palms and soles
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| sebaceous glands secrete | sebum
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| another name for sweat gland | sudoriferous gland
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| true sweat is | 99% water, some NaCl and metabolic wastes
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| sweat gland that produces true sweat | eccrine gland
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| larger of the sweat glands, produce sweat with fatty substances and proteins | apocrine gland
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| scale-like modification of epidermis, made of hard keratin | nails
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| Appendicular region | 4 limbs
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| cervical | neck
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| acromial | point of shoulder
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| antecubital | front of elbow
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| antibrachial | forearm
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| pollex | thumb
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| patellar | front of knee
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| tarsal | ankle
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| orbital | eye
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| buccal | cheek
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| mental | chin
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| sternal | breastbone
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| thoracic | chest
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| umbilical | naval
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| inguinal | groin
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| femoral | thigh
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| hallux | big toe
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| olecranal | back of elbow
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| sacral | between hips
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| popliteal | heel
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| plantar | sole of foot
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| three organs found in mediastinum | heart, trachea, esophagus
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